美國加州刑法仇恨罪條款 Taimocracy翻譯

Penal Code 422.6 PC – Committing of a Hate Crime in California    Taimocracy 翻譯

422.6. (a) No person…shall by force or threat of force, willfully injure, intimidate, interfere with, oppress, or threaten any other person in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him or her by the Constitution or laws of this state or by the Constitution or laws of the United States…because of one or more of the actual or perceived characteristics of the victim listed in subdivision (a) of Section 422.55.

422.6.（a）任何人…不得以武力或武力威脅、故意傷害、恐嚇、干涉、壓迫或威脅任何其他人自由行使或享有本州憲法、州法律、美國憲法或美國法律所保障的任何權利或特權，因為第422.55節（a）條款所列受害者的一個或多個實際特徵或可察覺之特徵。

(b) No person…shall knowingly deface, damage, or destroy the real or personal property of any other person for the purpose of intimidating or interfering with the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to the other person by the Constitution or laws of this state or by the Constitution or laws of the United States…because of one or more of the actual or perceived characteristics of the victim listed in subdivision (a) of Section 422.55.

（b）任何人…不得明知而汙損、損壞或毀壞任何其他人的不動產或個人財產，以恐嚇或干擾他人自由行使或享有本州憲法或法律或美國憲法或法律所保障的任何權利或特權，因為該節（a）款所列受害人的一個或多個實際特徵或可察覺之特徵

 

Penal Code 422.55 PC – The Definition of a “Hate Crime” in California

422.55  For purposes of this title, and for purposes of all other state law unless an explicit provision of law or the context clearly requires a different meaning, the following shall apply:  為本標題的目的，並為所有本州其他法律之目的，除非有明確法律規定或上下文脈明確要求不同的含義者，應適用以下規定：

(a) “Hate crime” means a criminal act committed, in whole or in part, because of one or more of the following actual or perceived characteristics of the victim:  「仇恨罪」是指由於受害人的下列一個或多個實際或可察覺特徵而全部或部分實施的犯罪行為：

(1) Disability. 殘疾

(2) Gender. 性別

(3) Nationality. 國籍

(4) Race or ethnicity. 種族或民族

(5) Religion. 宗教

(6) Sexual orientation. 性取向

(7) Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. 與具有一個或多個這些實際特徵或可察覺特徵的人或團體有聯繫

(b) “Hate crime” includes, but is not limited to, a violation of Section 422.6. 「仇恨罪」包括但不限於違反第422.6條的行為

(Added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2005.)

 

 

422.56  For purposes of this title, the following definitions shall apply:  為本法之目的，應適用下列定義：

(a) “Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics” includes advocacy for, identification with, or being on the premises owned or rented by, or adjacent to, any of the following: a community center, educational facility, family, individual, office, meeting hall, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other entity, group, or person that has, or is identified with people who have, one or more of the characteristics listed in the definition of “hate crime” under paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 422.55.  「與具有以下一種或多種實際特徵或可察覺之特徵的人或團體的聯繫」包括宣導、識別或在以下任何一種擁有或租用的處所：社區中心、教育設施、家庭、個人、辦公室、會議廳、禮拜場所、私人機構、公共機構、圖書館，或其他實體、團體或個人，這些實體、團體或個人曾經或被識別為具有「仇恨罪」定義中列出的一個或多個特徵的人，在第422.55條第（1）至（6）款「仇恨罪」（含）項（a）項的定義中列出一個或多個特徵。

(b) “Disability” includes mental disability and physical disability, as defined in Section 12926 of the Government Code, regardless of whether those disabilities are temporary, permanent, congenital, or acquired by heredity, accident, injury, advanced age, or illness. This definition is declaratory of existing law.  「殘疾」包括《政府法典》第12926條所界定的精神殘疾和身體殘疾，不論這些殘疾是臨時性的、永久性的、先天性的，還是透過遺傳、意外、傷害、高齡或疾病導致。這一定義是對現行法律的宣告。

(c) “Gender” means sex, and includes a person’s gender identity and gender expression. “Gender expression” means a person’s gender-related appearance and behavior regardless of whether it is stereotypically associated with the person’s assigned sex at birth.  「性別」是指性，包括一個人的性別認同和性別表達。「性別表達」是指一個人與性別相關的外表和行為，無論它是否與該人出生時天賦性別之刻板印象有關聯。

(d) “In whole or in part because of” means that the bias motivation must be a cause in fact of the offense, whether or not other causes also exist. When multiple concurrent motives exist, the prohibited bias must be a substantial factor in bringing about the particular result. There is no requirement that the bias be a main factor, or that the crime would not have been committed but for the actual or perceived characteristic. This subdivision does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, existing law under In re M.S. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 698 and People v. Superior Court (Aishman) (1995) 10 Cal.4th 735.  「全部或部分由於」是指偏見動機必須是犯罪的一個事實原因，不論是否也存在其他原因。如果並存多重動機，被禁止的偏見必須是產生特定結果的一個重要因素。不需要偏見是主要因素，也不需要若非因為實際或可察覺的特徵，犯罪就不會發生等作為條件。根據In re M.S. （1995）10 Cal.4th 698和People v。Superior Court （Aishman） （1995）10 Cal.4th 735，這一細分並不構成對現行法律的變更，而是對現行法律的宣告。

(e) “Nationality” means country of origin, immigration status, including citizenship, and national origin. This definition is declaratory of existing law.  「國籍」是指原生籍國、移民身份，包括原生公民身分和原生國民身分。這一定義是現行法律的宣告。

(f) “Race or ethnicity” includes ancestry, color, and ethnic background.  「種族或族裔」包括血統、膚色和族裔背景。

(g) “Religion” includes all aspects of religious belief, observance, and practice and includes agnosticism and atheism.  "宗教"包括宗教信仰、遵守和實踐的所有方面，包括不可知論和無神論。

(h) “Sexual orientation” means heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality.  「性取向」是指異性戀、同性戀或雙性戀。

(i) “Victim” includes, but is not limited to, a community center, educational facility, entity, family, group, individual, office, meeting hall, person, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other victim or intended victim of the offense.  「受害人」包括但不限於社區中心、教育設施、實體、家庭、團體、個人、辦公室、會議廳、個人、禮拜場所、私人機構、公共機構、圖書館或其他犯罪受害人或犯罪的預定受害人。

(Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 295, Sec. 1. (AB 600) Effective January 1, 2022.)

 

422.57.

For purposes this code, unless an explicit provision of law or the context clearly requires a different meaning, “gender” has the same meaning as in Section 422.56.  為本法之目的，除非明確的法律規定或上下文脈明確要求有不同的含義，否則「性別」的含義與第422.56節的含義相同。

(Added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2005.)