Psychological warfare心理戰 Taimocracy翻譯

Psychological warfare心理戰　Taimocracy翻譯

Psychological warfare is the planned tactical use of propaganda, threats, and other non-combat techniques during wars, threats of war, or periods of geopolitical unrest to mislead, intimidate, demoralize, or otherwise influence the thinking or behavior of an enemy.

心理戰是在戰爭，戰爭威脅或地緣政治動盪期間，策劃性地使用宣傳，威脅和其他非戰鬥技術來誤導，威脅，降低士氣，或以其他方式影響敵人的思想或行為。

While all nations employ it, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) lists the tactical goals of psychological warfare (PSYWAR) or psychological operations (PSYOP) as:

雖然所有國家都使用它，但美國中央情報局（CIA）將心理戰（PSYWAR）或心理戰（PSYOP）的戰術目標列為：

Assisting in overcoming an enemy’s will to fight協助擊垮敵人的戰鬥意志

Sustaining the morale and winning the alliance of friendly groups in countries occupied by the enemy

維持士氣，贏取敵人所佔領的國家中友好團體並與其聯盟

Influencing the morale and attitudes of people in friendly and neutral countries toward the United States

影響友好和中立國家人民對美國的信賴和態度

To achieve their objectives, the planners of psychological warfare campaigns first attempt to gain total knowledge of the beliefs, likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities of the target population. According to the CIA, knowing what motivates the target is the key to a successful PSYOP.

為了實現他們的目標，心理戰活動的策劃者首先嘗試全面了解目標人群的信仰，喜惡，強勢和脆弱性。根據中央情報局的說法，了解目標的動機是心理戰成功的關鍵。

A War of the Mind心靈之戰

As a non-lethal effort to capture "hearts and minds," psychological warfare typically employs propaganda to influence the values, beliefs, emotions, reasoning, motives, or behavior of its targets. The targets of such propaganda campaigns can include governments, political organizations, advocacy groups, military personnel, and civilian individuals.

作為抓住“心靈和思想”的非致命努力，心理戰通常採用宣傳來影響其目標的價值觀，信仰，情感，推理，動機或行為。此類宣傳活動的目標可包括：政府，政治組織，宣傳團體，軍事人員和平民。

Simply a form of cleverly “weaponized” information, PSYOP propaganda may be disseminated in any or all of several ways:

心理戰宣傳只是一種巧妙的「武器化」訊息形式，可以下列幾種方式傳播：

Face-to-face verbal communication面對面的口頭交流

Audiovisual media, like television and movies視聽媒體，如電視和電影

Audio-only media including shortwave radio broadcasts like those of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty or Radio Havana聲音媒體，包括歐洲自由電台/自由電台，或哈瓦那電台等短波無線電廣播

Purely visual media, like leaflets, newspapers, books, magazines, or posters純粹的視覺媒體，如傳單，報紙，書籍，雜誌或海報

More important than how these weapons of propaganda are delivered is the message they carry and how well they influence or persuade the target audience.

比這些宣傳武器如何傳遞更重要的是，它們所傳遞的訊息，以及它們如何影響或說服目標對象。

Three Shades of Propaganda三種宣傳方式

In his 1949 book, Psychological Warfare Against Nazi Germany, former OSS (now the CIA) operative Daniel Lerner details the U.S. military's WWII Skyewar campaign. Lerner separates psychological warfare propaganda into three categories:

在他1949年出版的《破解納粹德國的心理戰》一書中，前OSS（現為中央情報局）的執行官Daniel Lerner詳細介紹了美國軍方二戰的Skyewar戰役。Lerner將心理戰宣傳分為三類：

White propaganda: The information is truthful and only moderately biased.  The source of the information is cited.

白色宣傳：訊息是真實的，只有適度的偏見。引用了訊息的來源。

Grey propaganda: The information is mostly truthful and contains no information that can be disproven. However, no sources are cited.

灰色宣傳：訊息基本上是真實的，不包含任何可以被否證的訊息。但是，沒有引述任何來源。

Black propaganda: Literally “fake news,” the information is false or deceitful and is attributed to sources not responsible for its creation.

黑色宣傳：字面意思是「假新聞」，這些訊息是虛假或欺騙性的，並不對其消息來源負責。

While grey and black propaganda campaigns often have the most immediate impact, they also carry the greatest risk.  Sooner or later, the target population identifies the information as being false, thus discrediting the source.  As Lerner wrote, "Credibility is a condition of persuasion. Before you can make a man do as you say, you must make him believe what you say.”

雖然灰色和黑色的宣傳活動往往具有最直接的影響，但它們也承擔著最大的風險。目標人群遲早會鑑別訊息真假，從而使訊息來源失去可信度。正如Lerner所言，「可信度是說服的一種條件。在你說出一個人按照你的說法行事之前，你必須讓他相信你說的話。」

PSYOP in Battle 戰場上的心理戰

On the actual battlefield, psychological warfare is used to obtain confessions, information, surrender, or defection by breaking the morale of enemy fighters.

在實際的戰場上，心理戰透過打破敵人部隊的士氣來獲取供詞，訊息，投降或叛逃。

Some typical tactics of battlefield PSYOP include: 戰場PSYOP的一些典型戰術包括：

Distribution of pamphlets or flyers encouraging the enemy to surrender and giving instructions on how to surrender safely 分發小冊子或傳單，鼓勵敵人投降，並指示如何安全投降

The visual “shock and awe” of a massive attack employing vast numbers of troops or technologically advanced weapons使用大量部隊或技術先進武器的大規模攻擊的視覺鎮攝和敬畏」

Sleep deprivation through the continual projection of loud, annoying music or sounds toward enemy troops向敵方部隊不斷投射大聲，惱人的音樂或聲音，剝奪睡眠

The threat – whether real or imaginary – of the use of chemical or biological weapons威脅將使用化學或生物武器—無論是真假。

Radio stations created to broadcast propaganda廣播電台創建廣播宣傳

Random use of snipers, booby traps, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) 隨機使用狙擊手，誘殺裝置和簡易爆炸裝置（IED）

“False flag” events – attacks or operations designed to convince the enemy that they were carried out by other nations or groups “虛假旗幟”事件 - 旨在使敵人相信其他國家或團體實施的攻擊或行動

In all cases, the objective of battlefield psychological warfare is to destroy the morale of the enemy leading them to surrender or defect. 在所有情況下，戰場心理戰的目的是摧毀敵人的士氣，導致他們投降或叛逃。

Early Psychological Warfare早期心理戰

While it might sound like a modern invention, psychological warfare is as old as war itself. When soldiers the mighty Roman Legions rhythmically beat their swords against their shields they were employing a tactic of shock and awe designed to induce terror in their opponents.

雖然聽起來像是一個現代發明，但心理戰與戰爭本身一樣古老。當強大的羅馬軍團士兵有節奏地擊敗他們的盾牌時，他們採用的是一種鎮攝和敬畏的策略，旨在使他們的對手感到恐怖。

In the 525 B.C. Battle of Peluseium, Persian forces held cats as hostages in order to gain a psychological advantage over the Egyptians, who due to their religious beliefs, refused to harm cats.

公元前525年 Peluseium戰役，波斯軍隊將貓作為人質，以獲得凌駕埃及人的心理優勢，因為埃及人的宗教信仰中拒絕傷害貓。

To make the number of his troops seem larger than they actually were, 13th century A.D. leader of the Mongolian Empire Genghis Khan ordered each soldier to carry three lit torches at night. The Mighty Khan also designed arrows notched to whistle as they flew through the air, terrifying his enemies. And in perhaps the most extreme shock and awe tactic, Mongol armies would catapult severed human heads over the walls of enemy villages to frighten the residents.

為了使他的部隊數量看起來比他們實際上更大，13世紀的蒙古帝國領導人成吉思汗命令每個士兵在夜間攜帶三個點燃的火炬。大汗還設計了一些箭頭，當它們在空中飛行時，它們被哨聲吹響，嚇壞了他的敵人。蒙古軍隊可能是最極端的鎮攝和敬畏戰術，它會在敵人村莊的牆壁上彈射人頭，以嚇唬居民。

During the American Revolution, British troops wore brightly colored uniforms in an attempt to intimidate the more plainly dressed troops of George Washington’s Continental Army.  This, however, proved to be a fatal mistake as the bright red uniforms made easy targets for Washington’s even more demoralizing American snipers.

在美國獨立戰爭期間，英國軍隊穿著色彩鮮豔的制服，企圖恐嚇裝備更樸素的華盛頓軍隊。 然而，事實證明這是一個致命的錯誤，因為鮮豔的紅色制服很容易成為美國狙擊手的目標。

Modern Psychological Warfare現代心理戰

Modern psychological warfare tactics were first used during World War I.  Technological advances in electronic and print media made it easier for governments to distribute propaganda through mass-circulation newspapers.  On the battlefield, advances in aviation made it possible to drop leaflets behind enemy lines and special non-lethal artillery rounds were designed to deliver propaganda.  Postcards dropped over German trenches by British pilots bore notes supposedly handwritten by German prisoners extolling their humane treatment by their British captors.

第一次世界大戰期間首次使用現代心理戰術。電子和印刷媒體的技術進步使政府更容易通過大眾傳播報紙進行宣傳。在戰場上，航空技術的進步使得有可能在敵人後面放置傳單，而特殊的非致命砲彈則旨在進行宣傳。 英國飛行員將明信片灑落在德國戰壕上，據說是由被英國俘虜的德國俘虜手寫，內容在頌揚他們的人道待遇。

During World War II, both Axis and Allied powers regularly used PSYOPS. Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany was driven largely by propaganda designed to discredit his political opponents.  His furious speeches mustered national pride while convincing the people to blame others for Germany’s self-inflicted economic problems.

在第二次世界大戰期間，軸心國和盟軍都經常使用心理戰。希特勒在德國能掌權，主要是由於在詆毀他的政治對手的宣傳。他憤怒的演講激起了民族自豪感，同時說服人們：德國自身造成的經濟問題是他人造成。

Use of radio broadcast PSYOP reached a peak in World War II. Japan's famous "Tokyo Rose" broadcast music with false information of Japanese military victories to discourage allied forces.  Germany employed similar tactics through the radio broadcasts of "Axis Sally."

使用無線電廣播心理戰在第二次世界大戰中達到了頂峰。日本著名的「東京玫瑰」播送日本軍事勝利的虛假訊息播放音樂，以打擊盟軍。德國的“Axis Sally”的無線電廣播，也採用了類似的策略。

However, in perhaps the most impactful PSYOP in WWII, American commanders orchestrating the "leaking" of false orders leading the German high command to believe the allied D-Day invasion would be launched on the beaches of Calais, rather than Normandy, France.

然而，在第二次世界大戰中可能是最具影響力的心理戰，美國指揮官策劃了「洩漏」假命令，導致德國參謀本部相信盟軍的D日入侵，將在加萊的海灘登陸，而不是法國的諾曼底。

The Cold War was all but ended when U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly released detailed plans for a highly sophisticated “Star Wars” Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)anti-ballistic missile system capable of destroying Soviet nuclear missiles before they re-entered the atmosphere.  Whether any of Reagan’s “Star Wars” systems could have really been built or not, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev believed they could. Faced with the realization that the costs of countering U.S. advances in nuclear weapons systems could bankrupt his government, Gorbachev agreed to reopen détente-era negotiations resulting in lasting nuclear arms control treaties.

當美國總統雷根公開發布一個高度複雜的「星戰」戰略防禦計劃（SDI）反彈道導彈系統的詳細計劃時，冷戰結束了。該系統能夠在重新進入大氣層之前摧毀蘇聯核導彈。 無論雷根的「星戰」系統能否真正建成，蘇聯總統戈巴契夫都相信美國辦得到。面對認識到反對美國在核武器系統方面取得進展的成本，可能使其政府破產，戈巴契夫同意重新開啟緩和時期的談判，從而制訂持久的核軍備控制條約。

More recently, the United States responded to the September 11, 2001 terror attacks by launching the Iraq War with a massive “shock and awe” campaign intended to break the Iraqi army’s will to fight and to protect the country’s dictatorial leader Saddam Hussein.  The U.S. invasion began on March 19, 2003, with two days of non-stop bombing of Iraq’s capital city of Baghdad.  On April 5, U.S. and allied Coalition forces, facing only token opposition from Iraqi troops, took control of Baghdad.  On April 14, less than a month after the shock and awe invasion began, the U.S. declared victory in the Iraq War.

最近，美國以2001年9月11日的恐怖襲擊事件作出回應，發動伊拉克戰爭，進行大規模「鎮攝和敬畏」行動，以粉碎伊拉克軍隊戰鬥和保護該國獨裁領袖海珊的意志。美國入侵於2003年3月19日開始，對伊拉克首都巴格達進行為期兩天的不間斷轟炸。4月5日，美國和盟國聯軍在僅面臨伊拉克軍隊的象徵性反擊下，控制了巴格達。在「鎮攝和敬畏」入侵開始後不到一個月，美國宣布了伊拉克戰爭的勝利。

In today's ongoing War on Terror, the Jihadist terrorist organization ISIS – the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria—uses social media websites and other online sources to conduct psychological campaigns designed to recruit followers and fighters from around the world. 

在今天正在進行的反恐戰爭中，聖戰恐怖組織伊斯蘭國 - 伊拉克和敘利亞伊斯蘭國 - 利用社交媒體網站和其他在線資源開展心理活動，以招募來自世界各地的追隨者和戰士。

https://www.thoughtco.com/psychological-warfare-definition-4151867