靈巧力（Smart Power）

【Remark】

這篇是翻譯自Wiki的Smart Power項。

目前對於台灣的混沌局勢，雖然與「馬上台」有關；但在更大格局上，卻也是希拉蕊口中「典範移轉」（paradigm changing）的實踐。為此，我們應該看看希拉蕊「靈巧力」的介紹，還有精力的話，更應該去閱讀與整理「靈巧力」可能的內容。

討論台灣，最怕的是坐井觀天：儘怕一些不該怕的，卻爽一些不必爽的。

假使有網友認為翻譯尚稱中肯，請將之貼到Wiki上去無妨。

靈巧力（Smart Power）

「靈巧力」是由奈伊（Joseph Nye）所定義的國際關係用語，即「結合硬實力與軟實力使之成為獲勝戰略的能力」。根據Chester A. Crocker、Fen Osler Hampson、Pamela R. Aall等人的意見，靈巧力「攸關各種外交、說服、實力建構，與權力和影響力佈設，以達成節約成本並具有政治和法律正當性的戰略用法」，基本上是結合軍事力量與其他所有型態之外交。

這個用語是由在「2003年進軍伊拉克」後對於布希政府的「新保守主義」外交政策的一種反應。作為自由主義的選項思考，其倡議者傾向以「國際組織」作為「主要角色」，而非以「美國」作為「唯一角色」。

「軟實力」容易被認為民主黨政治人物軟弱，為加強此，「靈巧力」也被視為「軟實力」的進一步發展。《外交政策》（Foreign Affairs）對這用語的由何人所創造曾有過辯論，認為最可能的是蘇珊諾索（Suzanne Nossel），因為她在2004年在《外交政策》發表過一篇以「靈巧力」為題的文章。在2004年初，奈伊在其書《軟實力：贏取世界政治的方法》（Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics）中引用「靈巧力」。

希拉蕊的採用

此一用語被紐約州參議員希拉蕊‧柯林頓在2009年1月13日對其在歐巴馬政府中擔任國務卿職務的參議院任命聽證會中頻繁採用。

她說：「我們必須採用『靈巧力』，即採用全方位的工具，包括外交、經濟、軍事、政治、法理以及文化，要針對不同的情勢選擇正確的工具或工具群組。有了『靈巧力』外交將成為對外政策的先鋒。」──希拉蕊‧柯林頓

希拉蕊反對萊斯「轉換外交」（Transformational Diplomacy）。希拉蕊並未指出其「靈巧力」途徑與萊斯的計劃在外交政策上的異同。

Smart power

Smart power is a term in international relations defined by Joseph Nye as "the ability to combine hard and soft power into a winning strategy."[1][2] According to Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela R. Aall, smart power "involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy" – essentially the engagement of both military force and all forms of diplomacy.[3]

The term, invented in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, comes as a reaction to George W. Bush's more neoconservative-driven foreign policy.[4] Viewed as a liberal alternative to such policy, its proponents prefer international institutions that provide a major role, as opposed to solo role, to the United States.[4] Smart power has also been viewed as an alternative for soft power because the latter can reinforce stereotypes of Democratic politicians being perceived as weak.[5][6] According to Foreign Policy, there is a debate on who should be credited for coining the term, though it found the most likely candidate to be Suzanne Nossel, who in 2004 wrote an article entitled "Smart Power" in Foreign Affairs.[7] Earlier in 2004, Nye referred to "smart power" in his book Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics.

Clinton usage

The term gained notice when New York Senator Hillary Clinton used it frequently during her Senate confirmation hearing on January 13, 2009, for the position of Secretary of State under the administration of President Barack Obama.[8]

We must use what has been called smart power – the full range of tools at our disposal - diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal, and cultural - picking the right tool, or combination of tools, for each situation. With smart power, diplomacy will be the vanguard of foreign policy.—Hillary Clinton[9]

Clinton's view contrasts with Condoleezza Rice's strategy of Transformational Diplomacy. Clinton's plans have not been realized to the point of a comparison of the similariries and differences in diplomatic relations between Rice's plans and the smart power approach.

References

1. ^ Nye Jr., Joseph S. (2006-08-19). "In Mideast, the goal is 'smart power'". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/08/19/in_mideast_the_goal_is_smart_power/. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.

2. ^ Nye, along with Richard Armitage chaired a commission for the Center for Strategic and International Studies entitled the CSIS Commission on Smart Power. See their project and report

3. ^ Crocker, Chester A,; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela R. (2007). Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 13. ISBN 9781929223978. http://books.google.com/books?id=x8EJHUhAk7kC.

4. ^ a b "What is Hillary Clinton's 'smart power'?". The Times. 2009-01-14. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5511343.ece. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.

5. ^ Benen, Steve (2009-01-13). "SMART POWER". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2009_01/016425.php. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.

6. ^ Goldenberg, Ilan (2008-05-29). "It's Time to Stop Talking About Soft Power". The American Prospect. http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=its_time_to_stop_talking_about_soft_power. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.

7. ^ "The origins of "Smart Power"". Foreign Policy. 2009-01-14. http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/node/15162. Retrieved on 2009-01-15.

8. ^ The total number of times it was used by Clinton was 4 for the opening statement and 9 for the actual Senate hearing.

Etheridge, Eric (2009-01-14). "How ‘Soft Power’ Got ‘Smart’". The New York Times. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/14/how-soft-power-got-smart/. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.

9. ^ "Clinton: Use "Smart Power" In Diplomacy". CBS News. 2009-01-13. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/13/politics/main4718044.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-01-29.