捍衛對台灣的模擬入侵 Military.com 20230429 / Tamocracy 翻譯

捍衛對台灣的模擬入侵標誌著陸軍特種作戰在多年的反叛亂之後的轉變 Defending a Mock Invasion of Taiwan Signals Shift for Army Special Operations After Years of Counterinsurgency    Military.com 20230429 / Tamocracy 翻譯

FORT BRAGG, North Carolina -- Members of the U.S. Army's Special Operations Command fired Carl Gustaf recoilless rifles, breached tunnels and operated Switchblade drones that flew with an unsettling whiz over a training area on Thursday. The exercise combined some of the hallmark tactics and weapons that were used during the Global War on Terror with other tools reflecting a seismic shift for the command as it prepares for potential conflict against major military rivals. 北卡羅來納州布拉格堡 - 美國陸軍特種作戰司令部的成員發射了卡爾古斯塔夫無後坐力步槍，破壞隧道並操作彈簧刀無人機，週四在一個訓練區上空飛行令人不安。這次演習結合了全球反恐戰爭期間使用的一些指標性戰術和武器與其他工具，反映了指揮部在為與主要軍事對手的潛在衝突做準備時發生了翻天覆地的變化。

The training was part of the USASOC's annual capabilities exercise, or CAPEX, and the mission they were gaming out was an insertion into Taiwan to defend against a Chinese invasion.  這次訓練是美國陸軍特種作戰部隊年度能力演習（CAPEX）的一部分，他們正在執行的任務是介入台灣以防禦中國的侵略。

It was the first-ever use of a Taiwan scenario for the exercise, with a concrete mock-up meant to represent that country. So instead of hovering eight thousand miles away in the South China Sea where the island actually is perched, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment's Chinooks landed on Range 68 at Fort Bragg. 這是演習中首次使用台灣情景，並用具體的模型代表該國。因此，第160特種作戰航空團的奇努克直昇機沒有在南中國海八千英里外的島嶼實際棲息，而是降落在布拉格堡的68靶場。

"The [People's Republic of China], in accordance with our national defense strategy, is our true pacing challenge out there," Lt. Gen. Jonathan P. Braga, commanding general of USASOC, said in a speech ahead of the exercise.

"Ultimately, what we are trying to do is prevent World War III," he said. "That's our job."  「根據我們的國防戰略，[中華人民共和國]是我們真正的節奏挑戰，」美國陸軍作戰司令喬納森·P·布拉加（Jonathan P. Braga）中將在演習前的一次演講中說。「最終目標，我們正在努力做的是防止第三次世界大戰，」他說。「這是我們的工作。」 

The exercise comes as U.S. defense planners are focusing their attention on deterring China's influence in the Indo-Pacific and around the world, part of escalating hostilities that have made headlines when Chinese spy balloons penetrated U.S. airspace and Chinese drones circled the island of Taiwan, for example.  這次演習正值美國國防規劃者將注意力集中在威懾中國在印太地區和世界各地的影響力上，這是敵對行動升級的一部分，正當中國間諜氣球穿透美國領空和中國無人機在台灣島上空盤旋時，敵對行動已成為頭條新聞。

Taiwan Condemns China's 'Combat Readiness Patrols' 台灣譴責中國的“戰備巡邏”

While the "ultimate backstop" remains America’s nuclear capabilities, according to the Pentagon's National Defense Strategy, USASOC leaders view it as their mission to prove that they're also ready for conventional conflict if it arises. 雖然「最終後盾」仍然是美國的核能力，但根據五角大樓的國防戰略，美國海軍陸戰隊領導人認為，他們的使命是證明他們也為傳統衝突做好了準備。

The organization pulled no punches in naming China and its military, the People's Liberation Army, or PLA, however as the opposition force during the exercise, an unusually direct move, given the military’s hesitancy to overtly suggest conflict.  該組織毫不留情地將中國及其軍隊人民解放軍（PLA）指名道姓為演習期間的反對派力量，鑒於軍方不願公開暗示衝突，這是一個異常直接的舉動。

"I'm going to receive a brief from my boss giving us a task to conduct an operation to counter the PLA on the island of Taiwan," a Green Beret officer announced to a crowd of more than 100 members of the public, most of whom were from nonprofit or charity organizations that support the special operations community, prior to a demonstrated attack.  「我將收到我上司的簡報，給我們一個任務，在台灣島上開展對抗解放軍的行動，」在演示攻擊之前，一名綠色貝雷帽軍官向100多名公眾宣佈，其中大多數來自支援特種作戰社區的非營利組織或慈善組織。

Soldiers who participated in the exercise requested that Military.com not use their names to protect their identities ahead of potential future deployments.  參加演習的士兵要求 Military.com 在未來可能部署之前不要使用他們的名字來保護他們的身份。

Some civilians even got to participate in the exercise, acting as partner forces as the kitted-out Special Forces soldiers walked them through a squad attack, for example, in which troops on foot close in on an enemy.  一些平民甚至必須參加了演習，作為夥伴部隊，裝備齊全的特種部隊士兵帶領他們完成小隊攻擊，例如，步行接近敵人的部隊。

But before they kicked down doors to meet the hypothetical escalatory advances of the ghost People's Liberation Army, the soldiers participating in the exercise described their work as perfecting the fundamentals of warfare.  但，在他們發動迎擊設想中升級解放軍進攻前，參與演習的士兵們將他們的工作描述為做好戰爭的基本功。

"We have to be a lot more prepared and be better at the basic things," one senior civil affairs noncommissioned officer told Military.com. The soldier also left Ukraine in early 2022 after training Ukrainians.  「我們必須做好更多的準備，在基本事情上做得更好，」一名資深民政士官告訴 Military.com。這士兵在訓練烏克蘭人後也於 2022 年初離開烏克蘭。

"It's just reinforcing the basics and then putting it in a different perspective, applying it in a different way," they said, specifically referencing how directing displaced people after a crisis has been a staple of their trade since the Global War on Terror, and before.  「這只是加強基本項目，然後把它放在不同的角度，以不同的方式應用它，」他們說，特別提到自全球反恐戰爭以來，在危機前後指導流離失所者一直是他們的主要作業內容。

Soldiers demonstrated their language capabilities, though instead of the Pashto and Dari, they employed intermediate to high levels of Mandarin or Russian. In fact, the language school at USASOC broadly no longer teaches those two languages spoken in Afghanistan, instead offering tests to keep soldiers who already know them fresh, according to one of the instructors. Now, it is looking to offer courses in Ukrainian and Japanese.  士兵們展示了他們的語言能力，儘管他們不是普什圖語和達里語，而是使用中高級的普通話或俄語。事實上，據其中一名教官說，美國陸軍安全部隊的語言學校基本上不再教授阿富汗的這兩種語言，而是提供測驗，讓已經了解它們的士兵保持新鮮感。現在，它正在尋求提供烏克蘭語和日語課程。

NCOs gestured around miniature prison camps, with primitive bamboo bows and fire starters as they offered instruction on evasion from capture tactics. A black uniform with Cyrillic text sat next to these items to demonstrate what instructors might now wear at the military's Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape, or SERE school.  士官們在微型監獄營地周圍做手勢，用原始的竹弓和點火器，指導他們躲避俘虜戰術。這些物品旁邊放著一套帶有西里爾字母的黑色制服，以展示教官目前在軍隊的生存、逃避、抵抗和逃生或SERE學校可能穿什麼。

Perhaps the most prevalent theme came from the psychological operations soldiers who preached the information operation game as critical for the Army during a crisis with a near-peer actor. Instead of leaflets and megaphones, they talked of memes and enemy disinformation on a global scale.  也許最普遍的主題來自心理作戰士兵，他們在危機中宣揚資訊戰遊戲對陸軍至關重要。他們談論的不是傳單和擴音器，而是在全球範圍內談論迷因和敵人的虛假資訊。

"The information environment -- it can seem overwhelming at times -- just the sheer size of it, the amount of information going in and out of it," one senior psychological operations NCO said.  “資訊環境 - 有時看起來勢不可擋 - 只是它的龐大規模，進出它的資訊量，”一位高級心理行動士官說。

"What's important, what's just white noise?" he added. "How do you navigate all of that, and create order out of chaos, so that you can gain the informational advantage over an enemy that does not operate with the same restrictions and rules that you're going to have to operate under."  「重要的是，白雜訊是什麼？」他補充說。「你如何駕馭所有這些，並在混亂中創造秩序，這樣你就可以獲得對敵人的資訊優勢，而敵人的行動不受與你必須在相同的限制和規則下行動。」

A term that came up often was "the gray zone," a euphemism referring to tactics that countries like Russia and China use, for example, working through non-state actors in the cyber realm to carry out state missions. It's a means of flouting international law and creating legal deniability while engaging in low-level war.  經常出現的一個術語是「灰色地帶」，這是一種委婉的說法，指的是俄羅斯和中國等國家使用的策略，例如，通過網路領域的非國家行為者來執行國家任務。這是一種藐視國際法並在參與低級別戰爭時製造法律否認的手段。

Braga said that staying competitive without escalating to a crisis or direct conflict is "a nuanced game of shadows in the gray-zone" -- one that requires a balance that USASOC is trying to maintain.  布拉加說，在不升級為危機或直接衝突的情況下保持競爭力是“灰色地帶的微妙陰影遊戲” - 需要USASOC試圖維持的平衡。

That nuance has not come without challenges, however, especially when it comes to shedding or pocketing some of the tactics and mindsets so baked into the organization from its intense time fighting the Global War on Terror, a mission that still is ongoing today, though at a much smaller scale than before the withdrawal from Afghanistan nearly two years ago.  然而，這種細微差別並非沒有挑戰，特別是在擺脫或囊中該組織從全球反恐戰爭的緊張時期中融入其中的一些戰術和思維方式時，這項任務今天仍在進行中，儘管規模比近兩年前從阿富汗撤軍之前要小得多。

"We don't necessarily want to lose it. We need to use the lessons learned from that and tailor it to a different fight against a near-peer competitor in a multi-domain environment, essentially," a Green Beret told Military.com on Thursday.  「我們不一定想失去它。我們需要利用從中吸取的教訓，並將其調整為在多領域環境中與近乎同行的競爭對手進行不同的戰鬥，本質上，」綠色貝雷帽週四告訴 Military.com。

"And it's difficult because fighting a near-peer requires a lot more preparation that's not really the cool stuff that we've been doing for the last 20 years. I'm telling my guys as a company commander to stop going to the shoot houses and do more preparation tasks, which aren't nearly as cool or fun to do," he said.  「這很困難，因為與近似同行作戰需要更多的準備，而這並不是我們過去20年來一直在做的很酷的事情。我告訴我的連長們不要再去射擊室，做更多的準備任務，這些任務並不那麼酷或有趣，」他說。

"So there's some growing pains there, but we're getting the formation in the right direction, and I think we're going to be alright when the time comes."  「所以那裡有一些成長的痛苦，但我們正朝著正確的方向發展，我認為到時候我們會沒事的。」

-- Drew F. Lawrence can be reached at drew.lawrence@military.com. Follow him on Twitter @df_lawrence.