美國海軍任務之法律中的「國際海域」 Taimocracy摘譯

The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations　Taimocracy摘譯

1.6 INTERNATIONAL WATERS

For operational purposes, international waters include all ocean areas not subject to the territorial sovereignty of any State. All waters seaward of the territorial sea are international waters in which the high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight are preserved to the international community. International waters include contiguous zones, EEZs, and high seas. 為任務目的，國際水域包括不屬於任何國家領土主權的所有海洋區域。領海向海的所有海域均為國際水域，公海航行和飛越自由為國際社會保留。國際水域包括毗連區、專屬經濟區和公海。

1.6.1 Contiguous Zones 毗鄰區

A contiguous zone is an area extending seaward from the territorial sea to a maximum distance of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. In that zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to prevent or punish infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws and regulations that occur within its territory or territorial sea (but not for purported security purposes; see paragraph 1.6.4). The United States claims a 24-nautical-mile contiguous zone. 毗連區是從領海向海延伸至距基線最大距離為 24 海裡的區域。在該區域內，沿岸國可以實施必要的控制，以防止或懲罰在其領土或領海內發生的違反其海關、財政、移民和衛生法律和法規的行為（但非出於所謂安全目的；見第 1.6 段。 4）。美國聲稱擁有一個 24 海裡的毗連區。

1.6.2 Exclusive Economic Zones 專屬經濟海域
An EEZ is a resource-related zone adjacent to the territorial sea. An EEZ may not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline. As the name suggests, its central purpose is economic. The United States recognizes the sovereign rights of a coastal State to prescribe and enforce its laws in the EEZ for the purposes of exploration, exploitation, management, and conservation of the natural resources of the waters, seabed, and subsoil of the zone, as well as for the production of energy from the water, currents, and winds. The coastal State may exercise jurisdiction in the zone over the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures having economic purposes; over marine scientific research (with reasonable limitations); and over some aspects of marine environmental protection (including implementation of international vessel-source pollution control standards). (For a discussion of marine scientific research, hydrographic surveys, and military surveys in the EEZ, see paragraphs 2.6.2.1 and 2.6.2.2.) In the EEZ all States enjoy the right to exercise the traditional high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight, of the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and of all other traditional high seas uses by ships and aircraft that are not resource related. The United States established a 200-nautical mile EEZ by Presidential Proclamation 5030 on 10 March 1983. 專屬經濟區是毗鄰領海的資源相關區域。專屬經濟區不得從基線延伸超過 200 海裡。顧名思義，它的核心目的是經濟。美國承認沿岸國擁有在專屬經濟區內製定和執行其法律以勘探、開發、管理和保護該區域水域、海床和底土的自然資源的主權權利，以及至於從水、水流和風中產生能量。沿岸國可以在該區域內對具有經濟目的的人工島嶼、設施和結構的建立和使用行使管轄權；海洋科學研究（有合理限制）；以及海洋環境保護的某些方面（包括執行國際船舶污染控制標準）。 （有關專屬經濟區內的海洋科學研究、水文測量和軍事測量的討論，請參見第 2.6.2.1 和 2.6.2.2 段。）在專屬經濟區內，所有國家都享有行使傳統公海航行和飛越自由的權利，鋪設海底電纜和管道，以及所有其他與資源無關的船舶和飛機在公海的傳統用途。美國於 1983 年 3 月 10 日通過第 5030 號總統公告建立了一個 200 海裡的專屬經濟區。

1.6.3 High Seas 公海

The high seas include all parts of the ocean seaward of the EEZ. When a coastal State has not proclaimed an EEZ, the high seas begin at the seaward edge of the territorial sea. 公海包括專屬經濟區向海的所有海域。 當沿岸國沒有宣布專屬經濟區時，公海從領海的向海邊緣開始。

1.6.4 Coastal Security Zones 海岸安全區
Some coastal States have claimed the right to establish military security zones, beyond the territorial sea, of varying breadth in which they purport to regulate the activities of warships and military aircraft of other States by such restrictions as prior notification or authorization for entry, limits on the number of foreign ships or aircraft present at any given time, prohibitions on various operational activities, or complete exclusion. International law does not recognize the right of coastal States to establish zones during peacetime that would restrict the exercise of nonresource-related high seas freedoms beyond the territorial sea. Accordingly, the United States does not recognize the validity of any claimed security or military zone seaward of the territorial sea that purports to restrict or regulate the high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight. (See paragraph 2.5.2.3 for a discussion of NWP 1-14M/MCTP 11-10B/COMDTPUB P5800.7A AUG 2017 1-10 temporary suspension of innocent passage in territorial seas, see paragraph 4.4 for a further discussion of declared security and defense zone. 一些沿岸國聲稱有權在領海以外建立不同寬度的軍事安全區，它們聲稱通過事先通知或准許進入、限制在任何特定時間出現的外國船舶或飛機的數量，對各種業務活動的禁止或完全排除。國際法不承認沿岸國有權在和平時期建立限制在領海以外行使與資源無關的公海自由的區域。因此，美國不承認任何聲稱限製或規範公海航行和飛越自由的領海向海安全或軍事區的有效性。 （有關 NWP 1-14M/MCTP 11-10B/COMDTPUB P5800.7A 2017 年 8 月 1-10 日暫時中止在領海內無害通過的討論，請參見第 2.5.2.3 段，有關已宣布的安全和防禦的進一步討論，請參見第 4.4 段區。