中國全球定位系統擁有的衛星比美國還多 China's version of GPS now has more satellites than US original NIKKEI 20190819

【縛雞之見】

GPS is a one-way system, which broadcasts signals but unable to locate where the receivers are. On the contrary, the BeoDou is a two-way communication system, meaning the BeiDou, or Beijing in fact, can pinpoint locations where the individual users are.

GPS僅發送信號且無法識別接收器位置，北斗與地面的通信是雙向。

意思是，北斗（其實就是北京）可以知道任何一個「你」在哪裡。

中國全球定位系統擁有的衛星比美國還多  China's version of GPS now has more satellites than US original    NIKKEI 20190819

Growing global coverage of BeiDou positioning system raises security fears

北斗定位系統的全球覆蓋範圍不斷擴大，引發了安全隱患

TOKYO -- China's BeiDou satellite positioning system has overtaken its U.S. rival in size, a shift with potentially huge implications for both high-tech industry and national security.

東京—中國的北斗衛星定位系統的規模已超過美國競爭對手，這一轉變對高科技產業和國家安全都可能產生巨大影響。

The U.S. has long been the world leader in satellite-based positioning with its Global Positioning System. China by contrast did not put itself on the map until relatively recently, launching its first such satellite in 2000.

憑藉其全球定位系統，美國長期以來，一直是衛星定位的全球領導者。相比之下，中國直到最近才出現在地圖上，它於2000年發射了第一顆此類衛星。

Satellite-based positioning systems are the bedrock upon which a vast array of location services is built -- everything from smartphone games to emergency notification systems makes use of location data. These systems also allow aircraft and ships to navigate and enable remote operation of huge agricultural and mining machines with pinpoint precision.

基於衛星的定位系統是建立大量定位配置的基石—從智慧手機遊戲到緊急通知系統的所有內容都利用了定位數據。這些系統還能替飛機和輪船導航，並實現精確的大型農業和採礦機器的遠程操作。

The European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency estimates the market for devices and location data services will reach 180 billion euros ($199 billion) by 2020, with 8 billion receivers in operation, making satellites an important part of a country's industrial competitiveness.

歐洲全球導航衛星系統局估計，到2020年，設備和位置數據服務的市場規模將達到1800億歐元（約合1,990億美元），運行中的接收器將達到80億個，這使衛星成為該國工業競爭力的重要組成部分。

A Nikkei analysis of satellite orbit data from leading U.S. receiver maker Trimble highlighted BeiDou's rapid growth. China launched 18 satellites for the system in 2018 alone. As of the end of June, there were 35 BeiDou satellites in operation, compared with 31 for GPS.

日經新聞對美國領先的接收器製造商Trimble的衛星軌道數據的分析，突顯了北斗的快速發展。僅在2018年，中國就為該系統發射了18顆衛星。截至6月底，北斗有35顆正在運行的衛星，而GPS有31顆正在運行。

The EU, meanwhile, has 22 positioning satellites and Russia 24. Japan operates four "quasi-zenith" satellites, which are limited to regional use, while India has six.

同時，歐盟擁有22顆定位衛星，俄羅斯擁有24顆定位衛星。日本擁有4顆「準天頂」衛星，限於地區使用，而印度擁有6顆。

As of June 28, Chinese satellites were observed more frequently than GPS satellites in 130 of 195 countries (U.N. member states plus the Vatican and Palestine). More than 20 BeiDou satellites were observed over mainland China.

截至6月28日，在195個國家/地區中的130個國家（聯合國成員國以及梵蒂岡和巴勒斯坦）中，中國衛星的觀測頻率高於GPS衛星的觀測頻率。在中國大陸上空觀測到20多個北斗衛星。

China is using its Belt and Road Initiative to promote the BeiDou navigation system. BeiDou satellites were the most frequently observed in more than 100 of the 137 countries that have signed on to the massive infrastructure project. Most were in Southeast Asia and Africa.

中國正在利用「一帶一路」倡議來推廣北斗導航系統。在簽署了大規模基礎設施項目的137個國家中，有100多個國家/地區最經常觀察到北斗衛星。大多數在東南亞和非洲。

The Pakistani military relies on BeiDou for positioning data, and in April there was a test run of self-driving tractors in Tunisia using the system. More than 30 countries in the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere use the Chinese navigation system. If it becomes the standard in these countries, China will have an advantage in introducing new technologies and products.

巴基斯坦軍方依靠北斗獲得定位數據，4月在突尼斯使用該系統進行了自動駕駛拖拉機的試運行。中東，非洲和其他地區的30多個國家/地區使用了中國導航系統。如果成為這些國家的標準，中國將在引進新技術和產品方面具有優勢。

BeiDou is also making inroads in Japan, the U.S. and Europe. About 10 Chinese satellites were seen over New York and London, fewer than in Asia. But there were almost as many Chinese satellites overhead in the two cities as American and European ones during certain hours. Japan's four quasi-zenith satellites usually operate in conjunction with around 10 GPS satellites. But more than 20 BeiDou satellites could be observed daily over Japan.

北斗還進軍日本，美國和歐洲。在紐約和倫敦上空發現了約10顆中國衛星，少於亞洲。但是，在某些時段內，這兩個城市的架空中國衛星幾乎與美國和歐洲的一樣多。日本的四顆準天頂衛星通常與約10顆GPS衛星一起運行。但是，每天在日本各地都可以觀測到20多個北斗衛星。

A report by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, a U.S. congressional panel, estimates that Beijing will invest up to $10.6 billion on its satellite positioning system between 1994 and 2020. The country plans to launch about 10 satellites by 2020. The bigger the constellation of satellites, the more accurate the positioning. Nobuaki Kubo, a professor at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, believes BeiDou will be as accurate as the satellite systems of advanced economies within a few years.

美國國會「美中經濟與安全審查委員會」的一份報告估計，北京將在1994年至2020年間對其衛星定位系統投資高達106億美元。中國計劃到2020年發射約10顆衛星。衛星星座，定位就更準確。東京海洋科學技術大學教授久保信明（Nobuaki Kubo）認為，北斗在幾年內將與發達經濟體的衛星系統一樣精確。

The growth of China's satellite data positioning industry has profound implications. Chinese smartphones and car navigation systems are BeiDou-compatible by default; foreign manufacturers are following suit because products and services that use BeiDou are available in many other countries.

中國衛星數據定位行業的發展具有深遠的意義。中國智慧手機和汽車導航系統預設與北斗相容；外國製造商也紛紛效仿，因為使用北斗的產品和服務在許多其他國家/地區也可以買到。

U.S. chipmaker Qualcomm was the first to supply chips for BeiDou-capable smartphones. Leading American smartphone makers other than Apple use the chips in their devices. STMicroelectronics of Switzerland adopted the BeiDou system for its automotive semiconductors in 2015.

美國晶片製造商高通公司是第一個為支持北斗智慧手機提供晶片的公司。除蘋果外，美國領先的智慧手機製造商，都在其設備中使用這些晶片。瑞士意法半導體（ST）在2015年將北斗系統用於其汽車半導體。

"We need to be compatible with positioning satellites around the world with a single type of semiconductor," said Yuji Motohashi, who heads the automotive digital product division at STMicroelectronics Japan unit. For companies with global ambitions, making BeiDou-compatible products is a necessity.

STMicroelectronics日本分公司汽車數字產品部門負責人Yuji Motohashi說：「我們需要並使用與全球定位衛星相容的單一類型半導體。」對於具有全球抱負的公司，必須生產與北斗相容的產品。

Chinese tech companies are using BeiDou to sharpen their edge. Lenovo Group Vice President Chang Cheng announced in May that the location function of its new Z6 smartphone is accurate to within 1 meter. The handset has a chip that receives signals of varying frequencies from BeiDou satellites to improve accuracy, which for most smartphones is about 3 to 5 meters.

中國科技公司正在使用北斗來提高自己的優勢。聯想集團副總裁張誠5月份宣布，其新型Z6智慧手機的定位功能精確到1米以內。該手機具有一個晶片，可以接收來自北斗衛星的不同頻率的信號，以提高精度，對於大多數智慧手機而言，該晶片的精確度約為3至5米。

Qianxun SI, a location services provider funded by Alibaba Group Holding and others, is using BeiDou signals and data from more than 2,000 ground stations to create a positioning service for self-driving vehicles with an accuracy in the centimeter range. Just as the U.S. became the leader in positioning services with GPS, China is working to develop new satellite-based technology and promote it around the world using BeiDou.

由阿里巴巴集團控股有限公司和其他公司資助的定位服務提供商前訊SI，正在使用北斗信號和來自2,000多個地面站的數據來為自動駕駛汽車創建定位服務，其精度在厘米範圍內。就像美國成為GPS定位服務的領導者一樣，中國也在努力開發基於衛星的新技術，並使用北斗在全球推廣這一技術。

The rise of BeiDou has raised alarms in the U.S. national security establishment. Unlike GPS, which only sends signals, and cannot identify the location of receivers, BeiDou's communications with the ground are two-way.

北斗的崛起使美國國家安全機構感到震驚。與僅發送信號且無法識別接收器位置的GPS不同，北斗與地面的通信是雙向的。

When using BeiDou for car navigation, the receiver could theoretically transmit the car's location to a satellite in orbit, said Dean Cheng, a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington. He also believes Chinese satellites can jam signals in specific areas. The U.S. government is worried that such capabilities could be used in cyberattacks.

華盛頓傳統基金會的高級研究員成斌說，將北斗用於汽車導航時，接收器理論上可以將汽車的位置發送到在軌衛星。他還認為，中國衛星會在特定區域干擾信號。美國政府擔心此類功能可能會在網路攻擊中使用。