20110804 美國總統〈針對大規模暴行之研究指令10〉 Taimocracy翻譯 20190907

【Comment】

“The board was officially formed on April 23, 2012, with Special Adviser for Multilateral Affairs Samantha Power appointed as the chair.”

Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities    20110804 Taimocracy翻譯 20190907

PRESIDENTIAL STUDY DIRECTIVE/PSD-10

MEMORANDUM FOR

THE VICE PRESIDENT
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF
DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE UNITED NATIONS
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR
DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
ADMINISTRATOR OF THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE CORPORATION
DIRECTOR OF THE PEACE CORPS
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR TO THE VICE PRESIDENT
DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY
DIRECTOR OF THE DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

SUBJECT: Creation of an Interagency Atrocities Prevention Board and Corresponding Interagency Review

主旨：建立一個跨機構「暴行預防委員會」和相應的跨機構審查

Preventing mass atrocities and genocide is a core national security interest and a core moral responsibility of the United States.

防止大規模暴行和種族滅絕，是國家安全的核心利益，也是美國的核心道德責任。

Our security is affected when masses of civilians are slaughtered, refugees flow across borders, and murderers wreak havoc on regional stability and livelihoods.  America's reputation suffers, and our ability to bring about change is constrained, when we are perceived as idle in the face of mass atrocities and genocide.  Unfortunately, history has taught us that our pursuit of a world where states do not systematically slaughter civilians will not come to fruition without concerted and coordinated effort.

當大量平民被屠殺，難民越過邊界，兇手對地區穩定和生計造成嚴重破壞時，我們的安全也受到影響。當我們在面對大規模暴行和種族滅絕時被視為無所作為時，美國的聲譽受到損害，我們實現變革的能力受到限制。不幸的是，歷史告訴我們，如果沒有協調一致的努力，我們將無法實現追求一個國家沒有系統地屠殺平民的世界。

Governmental engagement on atrocities and genocide too often arrives too late, when opportunities for prevention or low-cost, low-risk action have been missed.  By the time these issues have commanded the attention of senior policy makers, the menu of options has shrunk considerably and the costs of action have risen.

政府對暴行和種族滅絕的參與往往太遲，而錯過了預防或低成本，低風險行動的機會。當這些問題引起高級政策制定者的注意時，選項已大幅縮減，行動成本也隨之上升。

In the face of a potential mass atrocity, our options are never limited to either sending in the military or standing by and doing nothing.  The actions that can be taken are many: they range from economic to diplomatic interventions, and from non combat military actions to outright intervention.  But ensuring that the full range of options is available requires a level of governmental organization that matches the methodical organization characteristic of mass killings.

面對潛在的大規模暴行，我們的選擇絕不僅限於派遣軍隊或袖手旁觀。可採取的行動很多：從經濟干預到外交干預，從非戰鬥軍事行動到徹底干預。但是，確保提供全方位的選擇，需要一定程度的政府組織，與大規模殺戮的有條不紊的組織特徵相匹配。

Sixty six years since the Holocaust and 17 years after Rwanda, the United States still lacks a comprehensive policy framework and a corresponding interagency mechanism for preventing and responding to mass atrocities and genocide.  This has left us ill prepared to engage early, proactively, and decisively to prevent threats from evolving into large scale civilian atrocities.

大屠殺六十六年，盧安達屠殺十七年後，美國仍缺乏全面的政策框架，和相應的跨機構機制，以預防和應對大規模暴行和種族滅絕。這使我們沒有準備好儘早，主動和果斷地參與防止威脅演變成大規模的平民暴行。

Accordingly, I hereby direct the establishment of an interagency Atrocities Prevention Board within 120 days from the date of this Presidential Study Directive.  The primary purpose of the Atrocities Prevention Board shall be to coordinate a whole of government approach to preventing mass atrocities and genocide.  By institutionalizing the coordination of atrocity prevention, we can ensure:  

因此，我特此指示在本總統研究指令發布之日起120天內成立跨機構「「暴行預防委員會」」。「暴行預防委員會」的主要目的，是協調整個政府防止大規模暴行和種族滅絕的方法。透過制度化防止暴行的協調，我們可以確保：

(1) that our national security apparatus recognizes and is responsive to early indicators of potential atrocities; 使我們的國家安全機構承認並對潛在暴行的早期指標作出反應；

(2) that departments and agencies develop and implement comprehensive atrocity prevention and response strategies in a manner that allows "red flags" and dissent to be raised to decision makers; 使部門和機構制定和實施全面的暴行預防和應對戰略，以便向決策者提出「危險信號」和不同意見；

(3) that we increase the capacity and develop doctrine for our foreign service, armed services, development professionals, and other actors to engage in the full spectrum of smart prevention activities; and使我們在外的武裝部門，發展專業人員和其他參與者增加能力和發展學說，以進行全方位的靈巧預防活動；和

(4) that we are optimally positioned to work with our allies in order to ensure that the burdens of atrocity prevention and response are appropriately shared. 使我們處於與盟友合作的最佳位置，以確保適當分擔防止暴行和反應的負擔。

To this end, I direct the National Security Advisor to lead a focused interagency study to develop and recommend the membership, mandate, structure, operational protocols, authorities, and support necessary for the Atrocities Prevention Board to coordinate and develop atrocity prevention and response policy.  Specifically, the interagency review shall identify:

為此，我指示國家安全顧問領導一項重點跨機構研究，以制訂和推薦：「暴行預防委員會」協調和制訂暴行預防和應對政策所需的成員，任務，結構，業務協議，權力和支持等事項。具體而言，跨機構審查應確定：

• operational protocols necessary for the Atrocities Prevention Board to coordinate and institutionalize the Federal Government's efforts to prevent and respond to potential atrocities and genocide, including but not limited to: identifying (standing and ex officio) members of the Atrocities Prevention Board; defining the scope of the Atrocity Prevention Board's mandate and the means by which it will ensure that the full range of options and debate is presented to senior-level decision makers; identifying triggers for the development of atrocity prevention strategies; identifying any specific authority the Atrocities Prevention Board or its members should have with respect to alerting the President to a potential genocide or atrocity;

「暴行預防委員會」應與聯邦政府就如何防止和應對潛在暴行和種族滅絕的努力所需的業務議定書，進行協調和制度化，其中包括但不限於：確認（常任和依職權兼任）「暴行預防委員會」的成員；確定「暴行預防委員會」的任務範圍，以及確保向高層決策者提出各種選項和思辨手段；確認暴行預防戰略的觸發因素；確認「暴行預防委員會」或其成員，應具有之具體權力，俾便警告總統潛在的種族滅絕或暴行；

• how the Intelligence Community and other relevant Government agencies can best support the Atrocities Prevention Board's mission, including but not limited to: examining the multiplicity of existing early warning assessments in order to recommend how these efforts can be better coordinated and/or consolidated, support the work of the Atrocities Prevention Board, and drive the development of atrocity prevention strategies and policies; examining options for improving intelligence and open source assessments of the potential for genocide and mass atrocities; and examining protocols for safely declassifying and/or sharing intelligence when needed to galvanize regional actors, allies, or relevant institutions to respond to an atrocity or genocide; and

情報界和其他相關政府機構，如何能最好地支持「暴行預防委員會」的任務，包括但不限於：審查現有預警評估的多樣性，以便建議如何更加協調（和/或）鞏固這些努力，支持「暴行預防委員會」工作，並推動制定防止暴行的戰略和政策；審查改進對種族滅絕和大規模暴行可能性的情報和開源評估的備選方案；在必要時，審查安全解密（和/或）分享情報的議定書，以促使區域行動者，盟國或相關機構應對暴行或種族滅絕；和

• steps toward creating a comprehensive policy framework for preventing mass atrocities, including but not limited to: conducting an inventory of existing tools and authorities across the Government that can be drawn upon to prevent atrocities; identifying new tools or capabilities that may be required; identifying how we can better support and train our foreign and armed services, development professionals, and build the capacity of key regional allies and partners, in order to be better prepared to prevent and respond to mass atrocities or genocide.

採取步驟建立全面的政策框架，以防止大規模暴行，包括但不限於：清點政府內現有的工具和當局，以防止暴行；識別可能需要的新工具或功能；確定我們如何能夠更加支持和培訓我們在外的武裝部門，發展專業人員，並建立關鍵的區域盟友和夥伴的能力，以便更好地準備預防和應對大規模暴行或種族滅絕。

In answering these questions, the interagency review shall consider the recommendations of relevant bipartisan and expert studies, including the recommendations of the bipartisan Genocide Prevention Task Force, co-chaired by former Secretaries Madeleine K. Albright and William Cohen.

在回應這些問題時，跨機構審查應考慮相關的兩黨和專家研究的建議，包括由前秘書Madeleine K. Albright和William Cohen共同主持的建議。

I direct the National Security Advisor, through the National Security Staff's Director for War Crimes and Atrocities, to oversee and direct the interagency review, which shall include representatives from the following:

我指示國家安全顧問透過國家安全人員的戰爭罪和暴行主任監督和指導跨機構審查，其中應包括以下代表：

Office of the Vice President
Department of State
Department of the Treasury
Department of Defense
Department of Justice
Department of Homeland Security
United States Mission to the United Nations
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
United States Agency for International Development
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Peace Corps
National Security Agency
Defense Intelligence Agency

Executive departments and agencies shall be responsive to all requests from the National Security Advisor-led interagency review committee for information, analysis, and assistance.

執行部門和機構，應負責檢視國家安全顧問所領導的跨機構審查委員會所提出的所有要求，以獲取資訊，分析和協助。

The interagency review shall be completed within 100 days, so that the Atrocities Prevention Board can commence its work within 120 days from the date of this Presidential Study Directive.

跨機構審查應在100天內完成，以便「暴行預防委員會」可在本總統研究指令發布之日起120天內開始工作。

BARACK OBAMA

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/08/04/presidential-study-directive-mass-atrocities