一國兩制：附條件的條約承諾 Beijing’s Treaty Obligation till 2047 雲程 20190708

一國兩制：附條件的條約承諾    Beijing’s Treaty Obligation till 2047    雲程 20190708

The amendment of distraction bill has caused Hong Kongers to hold serial huge rallies.  The two-million protestors not only shocked Beijing but also the world as well.  Apparently, China has a predicament to honor the Sino-British Declaration of 1984.

因為「送中條例」，香港連續發生幾場大規模示威，震驚北京，更震驚世界。顯然，1984年的〈中英聯合聲明〉在執行上出現根本的問題。

Beijing commenced legal warfare against Hong Kong as early as the fifth year of the transfer of sovereignty.  It demanded the Hong Kong government to draft the “National Security Statute” to restrict the freedom of speech according to Article 23 of the Fundamental Law.  Then it denied Hong Kong has the residual right of autonomy, saying that all the rights that Hong Kong enjoys are from Beijing.  Along with Xi Jinping's becoming life-long President, Beijing announced the Great Bay Project to embrace Hong Kong and Macao and disturbed the border lines.  Beijing’s latest move is to extend the Personal jurisdiction to any persons staying in Hong Kong through the amendment of distraction bill.  The U.K. sent a clear sign of significant public concern about the proposed changes to extradition laws implying Beijing is in breach of the Sino-British Declaration; while Beijing refuted it by saying the Declaration is passé.

主權移交僅僅5年，北京對香港就進行法律戰：先要求香港依〈基本法〉第23條，制訂箝制思想的〈國家安全條例〉；之後，否認香港有「保留權利」，並堅持香港自治權利都是黨中央授權，隨時可收回；隨著習近平改為終身主席，又著手實施「粵港澳大灣區」，企圖稀釋特區邊界。現在，它更想修改〈逃犯條例〉，以延伸「對人管轄權」到香港，甚能擴及過境香港的外國人。英國對此發表強硬聲明，認為北京違法〈中英聯合聲明〉。北京則反嗆：主權移交後〈中英聯合聲明〉已經不存在。

An international treaty is not limited to the title.  The governments of China and the U.K. have registered the Declaration to the U.N. on June 12, 1985, to make it a treaty.  It is a conditional an international treaty in which Beijing committed in the Annex that “after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region the socialist system and socialist policies shall not be practiced in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and that Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and life-style shall remain unchanged for 50 years.”

條約不以名稱為限，這是常識；何況中英兩國政府已於1985年6月12日向聯合國登記〈中英聯合聲明〉。它不僅是條約，而且是附帶中國承諾：「香港特別行政區成立後不實行社會主義的制度和政策，香港以前的資本主義制度和生活方式將保持50年不變」為條件的國際條約。

Due to the fact that China has agreed with the specific term of the “50 years,” her treaty obligation of China will not be void until 2047.  On the other hand, the U.K., the other side of the treaty, has the legal right and ethical responsibility to monitor the execution of the treaty.

由於明記了「50年」的時間尺度，中國在〈中英聯合聲明〉的「條約義務」，會一直持續到2047年。在此之前，〈中英聯合聲明〉當然具有法律約束力。準此，條約另一造英國，既有法律權利也有道義上義務，監督條約的實施。

China-friendly scholar insisted that international law has no binding force to degrade the Sino-British Declaration.  However, they do not want to recognize the fact that the legitimacy of international treaties is not on the compulsory force.  It is the free will and the consent through the signature of the parties concerned that make treaties legitimate.

親北京學者意圖貶低〈中英聯合聲明〉，強調國際條約沒有強制力。但國際法的正當性，並不單以強制力有無為限。國際法的正當性在「簽署方的合意」。

It is said that Deng Xiao-ping threatened that he will cut off the water supply and electricity to Hong Kong, and he could even send PLA troops to conquer Hong Kong.  Margret Thatcher, the Prime Minister of the U.K. replied that Deng has the power to do so, but the rest of the world will understand how barbarous Beijing is if he did so.  China and British continued to negotiate and concluded a Declaration, indicating the fact that the “Beijing-then” accepted the international law as well as the rules-based international order.

傳中英談判僵局時，鄧小平威脅：我斷水斷電、將解放軍坦克開過去，你英國還能堅持什麼？柴契爾說：你當然可以這樣，但這樣一來大家就會知道中國是怎樣的一個國家。雙方嗣後的繼續協商與簽約行為，代表「當時的北京」接受國際法有效性。

The “pacta sunt servanda,” or agreements must be kept, is the basis of international law.  But the greedy Chinese tend to consider that I can do whatever I like, once the object is under my control.  China has not developed anything which is common in western civilization, the conditional contracts.  Apparently, the “Beijing-now” refuses to honor her commitment and the rule of “pacta sunt servanda.”

「契約必須履行」(pacta sunt servanda)是國際法的基礎。但貪婪的北京總認為：只要是我的了，我愛怎樣就怎樣；更不會發展出西方世界常見的附條件契約：如房屋買賣規定接手者不可以任意砍樹、改造外型等。「現在的北京」，顯然對承諾、履行契約有強硬的想法。

It is the difference of civilization which causes China refusing not to honor laws and treaties.  It will happen whenever Beijing considers it necessary.  Moscow has to note it carefully that China is going to invade Siberia and transform a near-arctic country, one day when CPC, the Communist Party of China starts to criticize Jiang Tse-min, the Chinese former President who concluded demarcation treaties with Russia since 1991.  Despite the conclusion of the treaties, the Chinese keep claiming the “lost territories" were stolen by Russians in the history textbook.

北京不尊重條約，是文明的根本差異。哪天北京開始批鬥或鞭屍江澤民，就是準備撕毀1991年起一系列的中俄邊界東段、西段與補充協定，覬覦西伯利亞，擠身北極圈國家。莫斯科可要注意了。

【姊妹文章】

中英對嗆 文明的根本差異