心態而非學歷：團體思考中的「第十人原則」

【Comment】

Hollywood movies are not always shallow.  It is we who see movies shallow.

The “World War Z” told us the key point of Group Thinking, the Principle of the Tenth Man.

It is the mentality, not what you graduated from.  One might be narrow-minded even he/she got a PhD from LSE or Harvard.

The Tenth Man Principle    PATRICK ANDERSON 20160711   Taimocracy節譯

https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/the-tenth-man-principle

.... 

A prominent public official recently asked me about serving on a public body overseeing an area of public interest.  Because of my experience with groups, I thought quickly about how to avoid serving, but still remain an adviser on issues within my expertise.  Group-think and conformity are enemies generously welcomed in most groups.  I am a Tenth Man in a world that rarely accepts us.  In fact, seven of my colleagues in a poorly managed business recently voted in a manner calculated to remove me from their group because I refused to conform to their strategy.

The Tenth Man is designed to institutionalize contrarian thinking.  Here is a quote describing what the purpose for the Tenth Man is.  第十人旨在使逆向思維制度化。 這是一個描述第十人的目的是什麼的引文。[LINK HERE]

“Following the recommendation of the Agranat Commission in 1973-1974, Military Intelligence established a Control Unit that was expected to play this role of the devil’s advocate.  Its responsibility was to produce a range of explanations and assessments of events that avoided relying on a single concept, as happened in 1973.  Brooks puts it a bit more dramatically: if ten people are in a room, and nine agree on how to interpret and respond to a situation, the tenth man must disagree.  His duty is to find the best possible argument for why the decision of the group is flawed.”

「根據1973  -  1974年Agranat 委員會的建議，軍事情報局建立了一個控制單位，使其扮演魔鬼代言人角色。它的職責是對事件進行一系列解釋和評估，避免依賴於單一概念，如1973年發生的那樣。Brooks 更加戲劇性地說：如果有十個人在一個房間裡，九個人同意如何解釋和回應一個情況，第十個人必須不同意。他的職責是找到最好的論據，說明為什麼該集團的決定是有瑕疵的。」

I accept Irving Janus’ comments, from the same article, relating to general agreement in a meeting as “Group Think.”

“The more amiability and esprit de corps among the members of a policy-making in-group, the greater is the danger that independent critical thinking will be replaced by group think, which is likely to result in irrational and dehumanizing actions directed against out-groups.”

「團體決策成員之間的和睦與團隊精神越多，獨立批判性思維將被群體思維所取代的危險就越大，這可能會導致針對外出的非理性和非人性化行為 - 組“。」

Acceptance into the group generally relies on conformance, and usually the group is comprised of people who are politically oriented.  That is, they react to occurrences, not processes.  They view themselves as “Problem Solvers,” or “Fixers.”

對小組的接受通常依賴於一致性，通常小組由政治正確的人組成。也就是說，它們對事件結果做出反應，而不是對過程。他們將自己視為「問題解決者」或「修復者」。

Tenth Men are essential (I include women in the definition).  It is our duty to look for the flaws in every argument.

第十名男性是必不可少的（我在定義中包括女性）。 我們有責任在每一個論點中尋找缺陷。

So if I sometimes appear disagreeable, it is because we are not served well by group-think.  We are served well by a reasoned, factual and well thought-out discussion that addresses flaws in our arguments.  We don’t always recognize the right solution, and by listening to others, we might improve what we are trying to do by someone else’s contrary viewpoints.  Let me leave this topic with this quote, which sums up the reason for the Tenth Man Principle far better than I can.

因此，如果我有時「看起來不同意」，那是因為我們沒有真正的群體思考。我們透過一個合理的、事實的、深思熟慮的討論，完美地解決了我們的論點中的缺陷。我們並不是總會得到正確的解決方案，但透過傾聽他人的意見，透過其他人的相反觀點，我們可能會改善我們想做的事情。讓我把這個話題放在這個主題上，它總結了第十人原則的原因，遠遠超過了我的能力。

“Our systems badly need loyal opposition-- not mere contradiction, in the famous words of Monty Python, but argument.  A loyal opposition has the common good front of mind; it shares the ends but purposefully dissents on the means.  A loyal opposition is not a contradiction in terms, but rather the promise of clear decision making and accountability.”  

「我們的系統非常需要忠誠的反對 - 在Monty Python的著名詞語中，不僅僅是矛盾，而是爭論。忠誠的反對派有共同的良好心態；它有共同點，但故意對手段表示異議。忠誠的反對意見不是矛盾，而是明確決策和問責制的承諾。」[LINK HERE]