印度與孟加拉，領土交換條約 2.0

【Comment】

印度與孟加拉透過條約又解決一批領土紛爭。注意了：有條約的白紙黑字，才得以合法移轉！

互有飛地？應該是「大印度」時期所遺留下來的問題。

領土的問題與人民身分有關，必須接著處理。

莫迪此舉有戰略意圖：著眼大戰略時，總不能禍起隔牆。看看地圖就知道，印度的東部領土要透過狹窄的通道聯絡，假使是虎視眈眈的孟加拉在旁，當然對印度不利。但印度可以卡住孟加拉，孟加拉也可以透過飛地卡住印度。

於是，他將孟加拉形容為，是歷史、文化、宗教、語言與血緣，以及對板球的熱愛（暗指連被殖民的經驗也是一起的）緊密紐帶關係的國家。(nations bound by the threads of history, religion, culture, language and kinship and a passion for cricket)

此不僅是領土交換而已，實際上是一系列達22項的全面友好條約。

1974年5月16日，雙方已經透過簽署交換條約。孟加拉通過，印度反悔。直到2011年9月才簽署附加協議書解決。

此次，印度取得取得51塊飛地（510英畝），孟加拉則取得111塊飛地（10000英畝），但印度要支付孟加拉20億美元（援助吧？）。第一期是8億美元，其中2億美元是莫迪訪孟加拉時要支付。

莫迪，看起來是有層次感的領導者。

話說回來，中國既不賴又愛耍賴。

一方面江澤民與俄羅斯也透過條約解決東北邊界（代價是幾百萬平方公里土地）；一方面南海造島，東海喊主權。

終結邊界糾紛 印、孟簽換地協定○自由 (2015.06.07)

〔編譯李信漢／綜合報導〕印度總理莫迪六日至孟加拉訪問，與孟加拉總理哈席娜（Sheikh Hasina）簽訂領土交換協議，解決兩國長久以來的邊界糾紛。

印度與孟加拉接壤的邊界長達四千公里，自從一九七一年印度協助孟加拉打贏脫離巴基斯坦的獨立戰爭後，兩國就經常為邊界問題產生摩擦。目前印度與孟加拉境內，共有一六二處飛地，居民逾五萬人。飛地是指在一國境內有另一塊隸屬於他國的區域，居住在飛地上的居民實際上得不到政府提供的保護和公共服務。這些飛地可上溯百年以前，當地統治者土地交換協議的結果。

目前印度境內有一一一塊飛地，孟加拉境內則有五十一塊飛地，六日兩國簽署換地協議後，兩國把飛地互相交換，原飛地的居民可以選擇在何地生活。孟加拉外交部長阿里（Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali）說，這項協議將開啟兩國關係的新局面。

孟加拉與印度關係在哈席娜去年再度上台後有明顯的改善。她曾向印度承諾，孟加拉不會讓印度的分離叛亂組織利用兩國漫長的邊界進行突襲攻擊。莫迪則全力鞏固與孟加拉的關係，防止中國勢力入侵印度後院。莫迪此行還將與孟加拉簽訂一系列協議，內容包括促進貿易、邊境安全，和交通運輸連結。

India, Bangladesh settle 41-year-old border dispute, ink 22 agreements○IBN (2015.06.06)

Dhaka: In a historic move, India and Bangladesh on Saturday signed the Land Boundary Agreement to finally put an end to the 41-year-old boundary dispute. P rime Minister Narendra Modi announced a fresh $2 billion line of credit for Bangladesh and promised quick implementation of the earlier line of credit of $800 million and the full disbursement of $200 million on the first day of his tour to the eastern neighbour.

With the border agreement in place, India has now control of 510 acres of land while Bangladesh will have control of 10,000 acres of land.

Modi, on his maiden visit to Bangladesh, also expressed confidence to have a "fair solution" to the Teesta and Feni river water sharing issues with Bangladesh "with the support of state governments in India".

Talking about the Indo-Bangladesh ties, Modi said, "We are not just neighbours but nations bound by the threads of history, religion, culture, language and kinship and a passion for cricket."

After extensive talks between Modi and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the two sides signed 22 agreements, including on cooperation in maritime safety and to curb human trafficking and fake Indian currency.

The formal Land Boundary Agreement ratification ceremony was witnessed by Modi, Hasina and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.

The exchange of documents paves way for the operationalisation of the 1974 India-Bangladesh LBA that provides for exchange of 161 enclaves between the two countries.  A total 111 border enclaves will be transferred to Bangladesh in exchange for 51 that will become part of India.

In the recently concluded Budget Session, Parliament had passed a historic Constitution Amendment Bill seeking to settle India's 41-year-old border issue with Bangladesh. The bill will operationalise the India-Bangladesh Land Boundary agreement that provides for exchange of 161 enclaves between the two countries.

"The visit is at a historic moment.  We have resolved a question that has lingered since Independence. Our two nations have a settled boundary.  It will make our borders more secure and people's life there more stable," Modi said at a joint press conference.