The Cairo Conference, 1943○DoS【附中譯文】

【Comment】

感謝網友 attile 提供美國官方的「開羅會議」的說明──僅僅依情勢而起，依情勢而無。當時已被否決、情勢已經不再，和約有另外規定。

開羅，只是娘西皮的戲一場。
中文譯文由 Taimocracy 執筆，感謝相助。

The Cairo Conference, 1943○DoS  中譯文 by   http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/107184.htm

In November and December of 1943, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Chinese President Chiang Kai-shek and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss the progress of the war against Japan and the future of Asia.  In addition to discussions about logistics, they issued a press release that cemented China's status as one of the four allied Great Powers and agreed that territories taken from China by Japan, including Manchuria, Taiwan, and the Pescadores, would be returned to the control of the Republic of China after the conflict ended.

1943年11月與12月間，美國總統羅斯福與中國總統蔣介石、英國首相邱吉爾在埃及開羅會面，以討論對日作戰的進程與亞洲的未來。除了討論錙重糧草之外，他們發佈新聞公告接受中國為四強之一，也同意日本取自中國的領土包括滿洲、台灣、與澎湖，戰後應回歸中華民國的控制之下。

During the spring and summer of 1943, President Roosevelt grew increasingly concerned about the status of the ongoing conflict in China.  Morale was low and inflation high in China, leading to concerns that the country could give up its fight or fall to the continuous Japanese onslaught.  Moreover, the leader of U.S. forces in the theater, General Joseph Stilwell, did not get along well with Chiang Kai-shek, and their personal conflicts seemed to foreshadow potential cracks in the alliance.  Other problems, such as difficulties getting much-needed supplies through to General Claire Chennault, who was leading U.S. air forces in China, and the lack of a full-on air assault as promised by the U.S. Government also contributed to growing tensions.  Roosevelt wanted positive, productive relations with China after the war, as well as Chinese assistance in keeping British, Russian, and Japanese expansion in Asia in check, so he proposed the Cairo conference as a means of expressing public confidence in the Republic of China.  The conference itself was a stopover on the way to meet Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Tehran, but the Roosevelt Administration gave the Chinese leader a symbolic boost by meeting with him privately before the conference began and before Churchill arrived.

在1943年春夏，中國內部正值衝突，羅斯福總統對此情勢日益憂心。中國士氣低落、通膨高漲，外界擔心中國有可能放棄戰鬥或遭受日本的持續攻擊。此外，中國戰區的美國領導者史迪威將軍與蔣介石相處不快，其私人的衝突看起來可能成為盟國產生裂痕的前兆。其他問題，如美國在中國的空軍領袖陳納德將軍無法順利取得亟需的補給，以及美國政府無法實現全面性空中進襲的承諾，都使得壓力與日俱增。羅斯福想要與中國在戰後維持一個積極、有成效的關係，同時也需要中國的協助以抵制英國、俄國與日本在亞洲的擴張，因此他提議將開羅會議作為對中華民國公開表達信賴的場域。會議是在羅斯福前往德黑蘭與史達林見面之前的途中進行，但羅斯福政府決定在正式會議前，邱吉爾尚未抵達之時，先和蔣介石私下會面，給予中國領導者象徵性的鼓舞。

At the series of meetings in Cairo, Roosevelt outlined his vision for postwar Asia.  He wanted to establish the Republic of China as one of his "Four Policemen."  This concept referred to a vision for a cooperative world order in which a dominant power in each major region would be responsible for keeping the peace there.  Weak as the Republic of China would inevitably be after the war, it would still be the major power in Asia, and it could help prevent renewed Japanese expansionism and oversee decolonization under a trustee system.  Roosevelt hoped to prevent the British and the Russians from using postwar instability to increase their presence in Asia, and he advocated for Indochina to be established as a trusteeship instead of returned to France after the Japanese defeat.  To secure this future, he sought a commitment from Chiang Kai-shek that China would not try to expand across the continent or control decolonizing nations, and in return, he offered a guarantee that the territories stolen from China by Japan - including Manchuria, the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands - would be returned to Chinese sovereignty.  Roosevelt also sought and gained Chiang's support for his proposal to create a trusteeship for the colonial territories after the war; in the end, this idea failed to gain the support of the British or French and was not enacted.

在開羅舉行的一系列會議中，羅斯福概略說明亞洲戰後的願景。羅斯福想要將中華民國建立為「四大警察」之一。此概念來自以下願景：各主要地區有個支配性的大國，負責當地的和平。即使衰弱如中華民國，戰後仍是亞洲的主要國家，將防止日本的擴張主義，並在信託管理制度下監督去殖民化過程。羅斯福希望能預防英國與俄國利用戰後不穩定以增加其在亞洲的實力，他鼓吹在戰勝日本之後，不要讓印度支那回歸法國而是信託管理。為了確保此未來願景，羅斯福尋求蔣介石能承諾「中國決不擴張陸地領土也不控制去殖民化的國家」，作為回報，羅斯福將保證「日本竊取自中國的領土，包括滿洲、台灣島與澎湖群島，將回歸中國的主權」。羅斯福也尋求與取得蔣介石支持羅斯福「戰後為殖民領土建立信託管理」的提議。結局是，羅斯福的構想無法取得英國與法國的支持而胎死腹中。

Although Roosevelt and Chiang had some shared interests and the same ultimate goal - victory in the Pacific - in Cairo they also addressed some of the points upon which their strategies differed.  Chiang had hoped for an offensive assault to reopen the Burma Road, which had been a major supply line to south China before being overrun by Japanese forces in 1942.  Any operation to reopen the road was dependent on British cooperation as Burma was still a British colony, and the British proved reluctant to commit forces to the Bay of Bengal for the attack.  Roosevelt shrewdly guessed that promises to aid China in reopening its supply lines were almost more important than the actual execution of the offensive, as it demonstrated the importance of the Republic of China to the United States Government.  The idea was to boost sagging morale in China, and at the same time, make a public statement that even after the war's conclusion, the United States would remain committed to maintaining peace in the world.

雖然羅斯福與蔣介石有共同的利益，最終目標也一樣是太平洋戰爭的勝利，在開羅他們也討論到戰略方面的衝突點。蔣曾希望在1942年日軍掌握該地之前能展開攻擊，打開滇緬公路，以便打通南方補給線。任何打開此道路的行動必須仰賴英國的合作，因為當時緬甸仍為英國的殖民地，但英國並不樂意將部隊調往孟加拉灣協助。羅斯福機伶地猜測到，承諾幫助中國重新打開滇緬補給公路，比實際攻擊行動的意義重大，因為這樣的承諾展現中華民國對美國政府的重要性。他的意思是想提升中國低落的士氣，同時公開聲明美國在戰後仍將致力於維持世界和平。

In the Cairo Declaration, jointly released by the United States, the Republic of China and Great Britain on December 1, 1943, the allies pledged to continue the war against Japan and to eject the Japanese forces from all the territories it had conquered, including the Chinese territories, Korea, and the Pacific Islands.

在由美國、中華民國與大不列顛在1943年12月1日所共同發表的開羅宣言中，盟國矢言持續對日作戰，並將日軍逐出所有其所征服的領土，包括中國的領土、朝鮮，及太平洋島嶼。