兩兩國家債，千秋明算帳

When a person borrowed money from others, he/she has to pay the liability back, no matter when and how.  It is also true to a national level.

The creditor’s right of a nation is derived from the taxes collected from all the citizens.  To prevent bribery, the President and the cadres have no such power to repeal the right at will.  The Parliament, which is supposed to represent the citizens, hence has to approve such repeal.  

Russia, among other nations, revoked 90% of her right toward Cuba, while left 10% for the latter to pay in the next decade.  No matter what the 10% stands for, Russia, as successive nation to USSR, has the right to enjoy the creditor’s right and bears the responsibility to solve it, especially when the debt “was in overvalued convertible rubles” and Cuba “sustained massive damage from broken contracts when its former benefactor collapsed,” as claimed by Cuba.

Debts have to be paid in spite of the transfer of the regime and the length of the time.    Revised on 20131211

請注意：欠債還錢，國家也不例外。債權，來自於全體納稅百姓，即使要勾消，也不是總統與密友大筆可以一揮的，還要經過國會審核與批准。否則，總統與密友就有機會取得外國政府的回扣。

於是，多年的爭執與談判是必要的。

俄羅斯勾消90％，剩下10％仍必須償還，必有深意。對古巴而言，像前蘇聯的債務，被誇大且古巴在蘇聯崩潰時深受其害。

總之，作為蘇聯繼承國家的俄羅斯，有權利繼承債權也責任解決此事。所以，真正的債務，是任何政權穿越時空也休想抵賴的。

俄羅斯勾銷90%蘇聯時期的古巴債務○BBC（2013.12.09）http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/world/2013/12/131209_cuba_russia_debt.shtml

俄羅斯同古巴靜悄悄地簽署了一項協議，免除古巴所欠前蘇聯320億美元債務中的90%。

這一協議的簽署解決了兩國間長達20年的債務問題爭吵，為雙方更多的投資和貿易鋪平了道路。

今年2月俄羅斯總理梅德韋傑夫訪問古巴期間，雙方宣佈就解決古巴對蘇聯貸款的債務問題達成一致。最終的協議內容10月份在莫斯科敲定。

根據這一協議，古巴將在今後10年內支付俄羅斯32億美元，即每年3.2億美元。俄羅斯則將免除古巴在蘇聯時期所欠320億美元債務中的餘下部分。

這一協議最終還需經過俄羅斯議會下院杜馬的批准。

俄羅斯和古巴目前仍在商討古巴在未來10年間以何種形式支付32億美元的債務。

儘管這一數額只是原有債務的十分之一，但對於美國禁運下資金緊張的古巴來說，仍是個不小的數目。

古巴每年出口的總收入大約為180億美元，這包括旅遊和醫療及教育服務的收入。

古巴和俄羅斯官方都未就債務協議的簽署發表任何評論。

Exclusive: Russia signs deal to forgive $29 billion of Cuba's Soviet-era debt - diplomats○Reuter（2013.12.09）http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/09/us-cuba-russia-debt-idUSBRE9B813P20131209

(Reuters) - Russia and Cuba have quietly signed an agreement to write off 90 percent of Cuba's $32 billion debt to the defunct Soviet Union, a deal that ends a 20-year squabble and opens the way for more investment and trade, Russian and European diplomats said.

The two sides announced an agreement to settle the debt dispute earlier this year and finalized the deal in Moscow in October.  It would have Cuba pay $3.2 billion over 10 years in exchange for Russia forgiving the rest of a $32 billion debt - $20 billion plus service and interest, the diplomats said.

It must still be approved by the Duma, Russia's lower house of parliament.

Negotiations on the form in which Cuba will pay the remaining debt are ongoing, the diplomats said, as even $320 million per year represents a large sum for the cash-strapped country, which has labored under a U.S. economic embargo for decades.

Cuba's total export earnings are around $18 billion, including tourism and medical and educational services.

Neither Cuba nor Russia has made any official comment on the debt agreement.  Cuban officials were not immediately available for comment.

Cuba defaulted on its debt in the late 1980s but recently has been trying to restructure the old debts to improve its international credibility.

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, during a visit to Cuba in February, signed a general agreement to work out a formula and settle the old debt by next year.  The decision rankled other countries grouped in the Paris Club of creditor nations because it broke ranks with the collective approach of the organization.

PARIS CLUB CONTACTS

The Paris Club is an informal group of creditor governments including Canada, France,Germany, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as a number of smaller European nations.

The Paris Club reported that Cuba owed its members $35 billion at the close of 2012, now estimated at around $37 billion, which would leave the island owing $5 billion to $6 billion of non-Soviet debt to the club's members.

The organization has a Cuba working group, which does not include the United States.

Russia pledged to work with Cuba towards reaching an agreement with the Paris Club as part of the October settlement, one Russian diplomat said.

"The Paris Club should be grateful as it removes a huge amount of money from the table and makes an eventual agreement more likely," he said.

While some Paris Club members clearly preferred a united front, one European diplomat said Russia's help in settling Paris Club debt could prove important and that a reduced debt would indeed be more easily negotiable.

Since the Medvedev visit, the Paris Club has put out feelers to the Cubans and a few months ago two representatives traveled to the Caribbean island to meet with the central bank, the first such visit in over a decade.

Unlike the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, from which Cuba is excluded under the longstanding U.S. trade embargo, the Paris Club does not issue multilateral loans.

Cuba releases very little information about its foreign debt.

Last month the government reported its "active" foreign debt, accumulated after it declared a default in the late 1980s, as $13.6 billion in 2010.  The government no longer reports its "passive" debt from before the default and estimated at around $8 billion.

The Communist-run island has never included debt to the Soviet Union in its figures, claiming the amount was in overvalued convertible rubles and that the country sustained massive damage from broken contracts when its former benefactor collapsed.

Cuba has post-1980s default debt of hundreds of millions of dollars to Russia.

"The final deal recognizes some of the Soviet debt, and that's politically important for Russia.  It also opens the way for more credit which is important for Cuba," a Russian diplomat said, like others requesting anonymity.

SEARCH FOR CREDIBILITY

Three years ago Cuba restructured its active government and commercial debt with China, estimated at around $6 billion.  Last year Cuba settled a dispute with Japanese commercial creditors dating back to the 1980s.

Under the Japanese agreement, 80 percent of the 130 billion yen debt (about $1.4 billion) was forgiven, with the remainder to be paid over 20 years.

Mexico recently forgave 70 percent of a $478 million debt Cuba accumulated in the late 1990s, in exchange for the remaining $146 million being paid over 10 years.

"The agreements with China, Japan, Mexico and Russia ease some outside financial restrictions on the Cuban economy and should facilitate trade ties with these countries," said Pavel Vidal, a former Cuban Central Bank economist now teaching at Colombia's Javeriana University.

"The austerity measures adopted by the government in 2009, and these accords to lower the foreign debt, help stabilize the island's finances at a very important moment when a significant monetary reform over three years (devaluation and elimination of the dual currency system) has begun," he said.

Raul Castro, who replaced his ailing brother Fidel as president in 2008, has drastically reined in imports and cut state payrolls and subsidies while insisting the near-bankrupt government get its financial house in order.

In 2011, the Communist Party approved a five-year economic plan that called for efforts to "enhance Cuba's credibility in its international economic relations by strictly observing all the commitments that have been entered into," before and after the default.

The plan also called for expediting the rescheduling of Cuba's foreign debts and implementing "flexible restructuring strategies for debt repayment" as soon as it is practical.

(Editing by David Adams and Jim Loney)