中國間諜行動的法律架構 The Legal Framework of Chinese Espionage Operations

中國間諜行動的法律架構

中國共產黨動員整個社會體系，以支援其全球間諜行動。例如，中國所有政府部門在國家安全部要求下，皆有義務配合其情報行動。這一簡單的政策，使中國情報系統能夠有效動用大學、智庫、外交部門、官方資助的海外教育項目、軍事交流計畫、友好與公民團體、留學生協會等，進而接觸到大量外國政府官員、科學家、學者與學生。

除了動用政府體系，中共更藉由立法，塑造法律架構，使其情報機構能夠正當徵用民間產業，以接觸外國個人、機密與技術。例如，近年中共頒布多項法律，明確規定企業與個人有義務配合國家情報工作。2014年、2015年與2017 年，全國人大與國務院陸續通過法規，要求中國公民與企業（無論在國內或國外）必須協助情報蒐集。

2014 年《反間諜法》第22條規定，當國安機關進行反間諜調查時，「有關機關、組織和個人」必須「如實提供有關資料，不得拒絕」。

2017年《國家情報法》第7條（由全國人大通過）規定：

　　任何組織和公民應當依法支持、協助和配合國家情報工作，並保守所知悉的國家情報工作祕密。國家對支持、協助和配合國家情報工作的個人和組織予以保護。

同法第14條則授予情報機構強制權力：

　　國家情報工作機構依照法律開展情報工作，並可以要求有關機關、組織和公民提供必要的支持、協助和配合。

2017 年11 月，北京發布《國家情報法實施細則》，進一步說明：

　　國家安全機關依法履行反間諜職責時，對依法應當提供設施或其他協助的公民和組織，如其拒絕，則視為意圖妨礙國家安全機關依法履行反間諜工作任務。

在中國社會中，企業與公民若接到要求，必須依法向政府提供情報，違者將受嚴厲處罰。國家也明言「對支持、協助、配合國家情報工作的個人和組織予以保護」。

2023 年7月，中共修訂了2014年《反間諜法》，大幅擴張原法的適用範圍。新的法條不僅涵蓋國家機密與情報，還包括所有「涉及國家安全利益」的文件、數據、資料與物件。由於這些用語極為模糊，幾乎任何形式的資訊都可被界定為「國安利益」。

總結來說，中共將情報活動、資訊控制、產業政策、政治與經濟脅迫、外交政策、軍事威懾與科技實力等多重社會力量整合為一體，建構出全球首個數位極權國家的典範。

 

The Legal Framework of Chinese Espionage Operations

The Chinese Communist Party mobilizes the entire societal system to support its global espionage activities. For instance, all Chinese government departments are obligated to cooperate with intelligence operations upon request from the Ministry of State Security. This straightforward policy enables China's intelligence apparatus to effectively leverage universities, think tanks, diplomatic channels, state-funded overseas educational programs, military exchange initiatives, friendly associations, citizen groups, and overseas student organizations—thereby gaining access to a vast array of foreign government officials, scientists, scholars, and students.

Beyond mobilizing the governmental apparatus, the CCP has shaped a legal framework through legislation that legitimizes the requisition of private sector resources by intelligence agencies to access foreign individuals, classified information, and technologies. In recent years, the CCP has enacted multiple laws explicitly requiring enterprises and individuals to cooperate with national intelligence efforts. Between 2014, 2015, and 2017, the National People's Congress and the State Council successively passed regulations mandating that Chinese citizens and enterprises—whether domestic or overseas—must assist in intelligence collection.

Article 22 of the 2014 Counterespionage Law stipulates that, during counterespionage investigations by state security organs, "relevant organs, organizations, and individuals" must "truthfully provide relevant materials and may not refuse."

Article 7 of the 2017 National Intelligence Law (passed by the National People's Congress) states: Any organization or citizen shall support, assist, and cooperate with national intelligence efforts in accordance with the law, and shall protect secrets of national intelligence work of which they are aware. The State shall protect individuals and organizations that support, assist, and cooperate with national intelligence efforts.

Article 14 of the same law grants intelligence agencies coercive authority: State intelligence work organs, when lawfully carrying out intelligence efforts, may request that relevant organs, organizations, and citizens provide necessary support, assistance, and cooperation.

In November 2017, Beijing issued the Detailed Implementation Rules for the National Intelligence Law, which further clarify: When state security organs lawfully perform counterespionage duties, any citizen or organization that is legally required to provide facilities or other assistance but refuses shall be deemed to intend to obstruct the state security organs in lawfully performing their counterespionage tasks.

Within Chinese society, enterprises and citizens who receive such requests must legally provide intelligence to the government, with severe penalties for non-compliance. The state explicitly declares that it "protects individuals and organizations that support, assist, and cooperate with national intelligence efforts."

In July 2023, the CCP substantially revised the 2014 Counterespionage Law, significantly expanding its scope. The updated provisions now cover not only state secrets and intelligence but also all "documents, data, materials, or items related to national security and interests." Due to the highly vague and broad wording, virtually any form of information can be classified as pertaining to "national security interests."

In summary, the CCP integrates multiple societal forces—espionage activities, information control, industrial policy, political and economic coercion, foreign policy, military deterrence, and technological prowess—into a unified whole, establishing the paradigm of the world's first digital totalitarian state.