【雙魚之論】
Chiang Kai-shek (Gimo) was the “principal culprit” of the 228
Incident—this is the terminology commonly used by Taiwan civil society and NGO groups.
For scholars, however, the responsibility of making such statements is greater;
conclusions must be grounded strictly in evidence. At most, one may state that Gimo
“bears the greatest responsibility,” while leaving open the possibility that
local commanders Chen Yi initially implemented excessively harsh measures,
provoking resistance, and subsequently produced embellished or self-exculpatory
reports that shaped Chiang’s later response.
From the
perspective of Gimo as the entrusted Allied military commander occupying a
portion of Japanese territory—namely Taiwan—the imposition of strict governance
over hostile territory (Taiwan) and enemy nationals (Japanese nationals and subjects
on Taiwan) could be regarded as a common measure under the law of occupation.
This is not an attempt to absolve Gimo or the Kuomintang, but rather to define
the Gimo authorities as standing in a state of hostile relations with Taiwan
during the period between the end of the Pacific War and the entry into force
of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Even so, U.S.
military rule in Japan did not provoke large-scale resistance, demonstrating that
military authorities retained policy discretion and bore corresponding
responsibility.
The claims by Gimo and others that Taiwan was “restored” or had “returned to
the motherland” were forms of internal political propaganda rather than statements
of legal fact. Such misrepresentations may also have contributed to unrealistic
expectations among the Taiwanese population, thereby widening the gap between
expectation and reality.
蔣介石是228事件的「元兇」,這是台灣民間與團體的用語。對學者而言,其言論所負的責任更大,只能根據證據講到蔣介石「應負最大責任」——留下一個可能性是,當地指揮官先實施過份嚴厲的治理,引起反抗後製作粉飾與脫罪報告,從而引導蔣介石的後續反應。
對蔣介石元帥身為「受託的盟軍軍事佔領日本領土一部份的台灣」的角度而言,對敵國領土(台灣)上的敵國人民(日本籍台灣人)實施嚴格治理,是再當然不過的佔領法手段。這不是在替國民黨蔣介石脫罪,而是在定義蔣介石當局為太平洋戰爭後到平條約生效前雙方是敵國關係。即便如此,美軍在日本的軍事統治並未引起大規模反抗,足見軍事當局仍有政策選擇的空間與責任。
蔣介石等的宣稱台灣光復、重回祖國等內部政治宣傳並非事實。這一非事實的宣傳造成台灣人的錯誤期待可能也是期待與現實產生巨大落差的原因之一。
談228事件 陳儀深:蔣介石偏聽陳儀 應負最大責任
自由 20260227
國史館館長陳儀深昨出席「紀念二二八——談蔣介石的責任問題及其他」擔任主講人。陳指出,眾多史料與觀點認為,時任國民政府主席蔣介石應負最大責任,當時黨內不同系統曾呈報,「政風不良引發民怨」才是衝突起因,蔣卻偏聽時任台灣省行政長官陳儀系統,定調為「共產黨叛亂」,這種「事前縱容、事中速調兵、事後無究責」的決策邏輯,正是二二八成為台灣社會長久難癒傷痕的主因。
陳儀深指出,二二八事件基金會二〇〇六年曾出版「二二八事件責任歸屬研究報告」。近廿年來,他持續從事相關史料研究,眾多資料和觀點都指向,「時任國民政府主席蔣介石應該要負最大的責任」,即使蔣當時受到上海、平津各地台灣人團體的指責,歸咎於陳儀要負最大的責任。
陳儀深表示,檔案顯示,陳儀過去誇大情勢,向蔣介石傳遞極為負面的信息,將二二八定調為「共產黨叛亂」與「奸匪煽惑」。然而,當時黨內並非沒有其他聲音,監察委員楊亮功、省參議會議長黃朝琴都曾呈報,強調這是政治不良、人民憤怒造成的衝突,並非外傳的「託治」(託管)、「獨立」等所謂「叛亂」,蔣對此卻似乎不予理睬。
陳儀深說,蔣介石偏聽陳儀系統的柯遠芬等人,在資訊選擇上有嚴重偏差。尤其事後追究責任時,蔣不僅沒有處罰下令武力鎮壓的高雄要塞司令彭孟緝,也無視三中全會將陳儀「撤職查辦」的決議,只將其調往南京,「事前縱容、事中迅速調兵、事後無人受懲處」,就是讓二二八事件成為台灣社會長久難以平復傷口的主因。
陳儀深說,當時國民黨南京政府體系裡面,其實也有反省的聲音,因此建議今天的國民黨,不必為蔣介石繼續遮掩或袒護,因為當時蔣確實做錯了。
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