「無條件投降」再現 川普要牽制中俄

【雙魚之論】
I was stunned to hear Trump demand Iran’s “unconditional surrender.” The last time such a demand was made in a major armed conflict was during the final stages of World War II, when the Allied Powers called for Nazi Germany, and later the Japanese Empire, to accept unconditional surrender.
The concept of unconditional surrender was novel at the time, as were the post-war International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo. Historically, waging war was considered a legitimate right of sovereign states. However, the Allies developed new legal frameworks, drawing from traditional criminal law and international law, to establish crimes such as crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, against those who started the war.
World War II began with conventional declarations of war in 1941. It’s unclear whether “unconditional surrender” has a direct legal connection to formal declarations of war, but it marked a significant shift in how conflicts were resolved. Although the laws of war, or international humanitarian law, had evolved significantly from the 19th century through World War II, “unconditional surrender” harked back to a fundamental and enduring consequence of war: subjugation.
Subjugation grants the victor sovereign-like authority over the defeated. On August 29, 1945, following Japan’s surrender, President Harry S. Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) to oversee the military occupation of Japan, acting in accordance with the United Nations Declaration and the Potsdam Declaration. The U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan, approved on September 6, 1945, stated: “The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government will be subject to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, who will possess all powers necessary to effectuate the surrender terms and to carry out the policies established for the conduct of the occupation and the control of Japan. The Supreme Commander will exercise his authority through the Japanese governmental machinery and agencies, including the Emperor, to the extent that this satisfactorily furthers the objectives of the United States.”
If Trump’s demand for Iran’s unconditional surrender is serious, this is what it implies: total subjugation under the victor’s authority. Such an outcome would have profound implications, not only for Iran but also for global powers like Russia and China, particularly in the contexts of the war in Ukraine and tensions in the Taiwan Strait.

聽到川普要求伊朗「無條件投降」，我感到震驚。上一次在重大武裝衝突中提出這種要求，是在第二次世界大戰的最後階段，當時盟軍要求納粹德國，隨後是日本帝國，接受無條件投降。

「無條件投降」在當時是一個新概念，與戰後在紐倫堡和東京設立的國際軍事法庭同樣新穎。歷史上，發動戰爭被視為主權國家的合法權利。然而，盟軍發展出新的法律框架，借鑒傳統刑法和國際法，創建了諸如危害和平罪、危害人類罪和戰爭罪等罪名，用以追究發動戰爭者的責任。

第二次世界大戰始於1941年的傳統宣戰方式。目前尚不清楚「無條件投降」與正式宣戰是否具有直接的法律聯繫，但它標誌著衝突解決方式的重大轉變。雖然戰爭法或國際人道法從19世紀到二戰期間已顯著發展，但“無條件投降”回溯到戰爭長期以來的一個基本且持久的後果：征服。

征服賦予勝利者對被征服者的類主權權力。1945年8月29日，日本投降後，哈里·S·杜魯門總統任命道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟將軍為盟軍最高司令官（SCAP），負責監督對日本的軍事佔領，根據《聯合國宣言》和《波茨坦宣言》行事。1945年9月6日批准的《美國對日本的初期投降後政策》規定：「天皇及日本政府的權力將從屬於盟軍最高司令官，後者擁有實現投降條款及執行佔領和控制日本政策所需的一切權力。最高司令官將通過日本政府機構和機關，包括天皇，行使其權力，條件是這能充分實現美國的目標。」

如果川普對伊朗「無條件投降」的要求是認真的，這意味著：在勝利者權威下的完全征服。這樣的結果將產生深遠影響，不僅對伊朗，也對牽制著俄羅斯和中國等全球大國，特別是在烏克蘭戰爭和台灣海峽緊張局勢的背景。

'Unconditional surrender' Trump says after posts about Iran    BBC 20250618

published at 00:31

We've just had the third post from the US president in quick succession, in which he says: "UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER!"

In the previous two, Trump had said "we now have complete and total control of the skies over Iran", and claimed to know where the Iranian leader is, saying: "We are not going to take him out (kill!), at least not for now".