20240408葉倫在北京的演講

Remarks by Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen at a Press Conference in Beijing, the People’s Republic of China    美國財政部 / Taimocracy翻譯20240408

 

PROGRESS OVER THE PAST YEAR  過去一年的進展

I’d like to begin by speaking about the groundwork that we have laid over the past year.  首先我想談談我們在過去一年所做的基礎工作。

Last April, I outlined our Administration’s approach to our economic relationship with China. President Biden and I are clear-eyed about the complexities of this relationship. Our priorities include protecting our national security and that of our allies, advancing an objective of a healthy economic relationship with a level playing field for American workers and firms, and cooperating with China where both countries can and must.  去年四月，我概述了本屆政府處理與中國經濟關係的方針。拜登總統和我對這段關係的複雜性有著清醒的認知。我們的首要任務包括保護我們和盟友的國家安全，推動健康的經濟關係目標，為美國工人和企業提供公平的競爭環境，以及在兩國可以而且必須的情況下與中國合作。

 

It is undeniable that the U.S.-China relationship is on stronger footing today than this time last year. This was not preordained. It was the direct result of President Biden’s guidance to me and his cabinet to intensify our diplomacy with China and put a floor under the relationship. Over the past year, I have met in person with my Chinese counterpart Vice Premier He Lifeng three times, including in the San Francisco Bay Area where I call home. We established Economic and Financial Working Groups that have seen substantive, in-depth economic conversations. These build on the candid and constructive meeting between President Biden and President Xi in Woodside, California last November.  不可否認，今天的美中關係比去年此時更加穩固。這不是預先決定的。這是拜登總統對我和我的指導的直接結果。他的內閣加強了與中國的外交，為兩國關係奠定了底線。一年來，我與中國國務院副總理何立峰三次會面，其中一次是在我的家舊金山灣區。我們成立了經濟和金融工作小組，進行了實質、深入的經濟對話。這些都是建立在去年 11 月拜登總統和習近平主席在加州伍德賽德舉行的坦誠和建設性會晤的基礎上的。

Through these exchanges, my team and I have been able to advance the interests of the American people. We have set forth our own economic policy priorities and gained an improved understanding of China’s. We have advocated for specific steps to ensure American workers and firms are treated fairly. We have directly communicated American national security concerns, and both countries have clarified potential misunderstandings to prevent unintentional escalation. And we have restarted cooperation on issues where our interests coincide. Last November, the Vice Premier and I took the important step of affirming key areas of agreement, including a commitment to work toward a healthy economic relationship that provides a level playing field for both countries.  透過這些交流，我和我的團隊能夠促進美國人民的利益。我們制定了自己的經濟政策重點，並加深了對中國經濟政策的了解。我們主張採取具體措施，確保美國工人和公司受到公平對待。我們直接傳達了美國的國家安全關切，兩國也澄清了潛在的誤解，以防止局勢無意升級。我們在利益一致的問題上重新啟動了合作。去年11月，副總理和我邁出了重要一步，確認了關鍵領域的協議，包括致力於建立健康的經濟關係，為兩國提供公平的競爭環境。

This progress matters. Given the size of our economies, the U.S.-China economic relationship is among the most important bilateral economic relationships in the world. And it matters deeply for American workers and firms. In turn, the American people expect their leaders to do the hard work of economic diplomacy. That’s not the type that always generates headlines. It’s one that keeps at it despite the noise—in order to advance a responsible approach to the complex challenges that we face.  這項進展很重要。鑑於我們的經濟規模，美中經濟關係是世界上最重要的雙邊經濟關係之一。這對美國工人和企業來說意義重大。反過來，美國人民也期望他們的領導人能夠開展經濟外交的努力。這並不是那種總是能成為頭條新聞的類型。儘管有噪音，它仍堅持不懈，以推進一種負責任的方法來應對我們面臨的複雜挑戰。

President Biden and I are committed to such an approach. And it is what brought me here to China.  拜登總統和我都致力於採取這樣的做法。這就是我來到中國的原因。

 

KEY STEPS FORWARD DURING TRIP TO CHINA  中國之行的關鍵進展

Over the past week, I have had the opportunity to make progress on issues that matter to Americans. I’ve had productive, direct, and extensive meetings over four days in Guangzhou and Beijing with China’s economic leadership, including Premier Li, Vice Premier He, Governor Pan, and Finance Minister Lan. I have also met with those outside of the central government, including American and other foreign businesses, Chinese academics and students, and local government leaders with practical, on-the-ground economic policy responsibilities.  在過去一週，我有機會在一些對美國人至關重要的問題上取得進展。我在廣州和北京與中國的經濟領導人進行了為期四天的高效、直接且廣泛的會議，包括李總理、何副總理、潘省長和藍財長。我還與中央政府以外的人士會面，包括美國和其他外國企業、中國學者和學生，以及具有實際、在地經濟政策責任的地方政府領導人。

Let me outline three areas where we’ve made significant progress this week.  讓我概述一下本周我們取得重大進展的三個領域。

 

Exchanges on Balanced Growth in the Domestic and Global Economies  關於國內外經濟平衡成長的交流

First, Vice Premier He and I agreed to launch intensive exchanges on balanced growth in the domestic and global economies. This represents an important part of my effort to advocate for American workers and businesses and gain a better understanding of certain PRC macroeconomic policies. Let me explain.  首先，何副總理和我同意展開有關國內和全球經濟均衡增長的密集交流。這是我努力為美國工人和企業發聲，並更了解中國某些宏觀經濟政策的重要一部分。讓我來解釋一下。

During conversations this week, I underscored again that the United States does not seek to decouple from China. Our two economies are deeply integrated, and a wholesale separation would be disastrous for both of our economies. Even as we take actions to diversify our supply chains, we seek to preserve the broader trade and investment relationship that can benefit American workers and firms. China is a key market for American products and services. And competition between our firms can spur greater dynamism and innovation in American industries. The American businesses that I spoke to in Guangzhou underscored the significant benefits of a healthy economic relationship.  在本周的談話中，我再次強調，美國並不尋求與中國脫鉤。我們兩個經濟體已經深度融合，全面分離對我們兩個經濟體來說都是災難性的。即使我們採取行動實現供應鏈多元化，我們也尋求維護更廣泛的貿易和投資關係，以造福美國工人和企業。中國是美國產品和服務的重要市場。我們公司之間的競爭可以激發美國工業的更大活力和創新。我在廣州採訪的美國企業強調了健康經濟關係的巨大好處。

At the same time, I expressed concern to senior Chinese officials that there are features of the Chinese economy that have growing negative spillovers on the U.S. and the globe. I am particularly worried about how China’s enduring macroeconomic imbalances—namely its weak household consumption and business overinvestment, aggravated by large-scale government support in specific industrial sectors—will lead to significant risk to workers and businesses in the United States and the rest of the world. China has long had excess savings, but investment in the real estate sector and government-funded infrastructure had absorbed much of it. Now, we are seeing an increase in business investment in a number of “new” industries targeted by the PRC’s industrial policy. That includes electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and solar.  同時，我向中國高級官員表達了擔憂，即中國經濟的某些特徵對美國和全球產生日益增加的負面影響。我特別擔心的是中國持續存在的宏觀經濟不平衡，即其弱勢的家庭消費和企業的過度投資，再加上政府在特定產業部門的大規模支持，將對美國和全球其他地區的工人和企業帶來重大風險。中國長期以來存在過剩儲蓄，但房地產行業和政府資助的基礎設施投資吸收了其中的大部分。現在，我們看到中國產業政策針對的一些「新」產業的企業投資增加。其中包括電動車、鋰離子電池和太陽能。

China is now simply too large for the rest of the world to absorb this enormous capacity. Actions taken by the PRC today can shift world prices. And when the global market is flooded by artificially cheap Chinese products, the viability of American and other foreign firms is put into question.  中國現在太大了，世界其他國家無法吸收如此龐大的產能。中國今天採取的行動可能會改變世界價格。當全球市場充斥著人為壓低價格的中國產品時，美國和其他外國公司的生存能力就會受到質疑。

We’ve seen this story before. Over a decade ago, massive PRC government support led to below-cost Chinese steel that flooded the global market and decimated industries across the world and in the United States. I’ve made clear that President Biden and I will not accept that reality again. I know that these serious concerns are shared by our allies and partners, from advanced economies to emerging markets.  我們以前看過這個故事。十多年前，中國政府的大力支持導致中國鋼鐵價格低於成本，大量湧入全球市場，並重創了世界各地和美國的工業。我已經明確表示，拜登總統和我不會再接受這個現實。我知道，從已開發經濟體到新興市場，我們的盟友和夥伴都有同樣的嚴重關切。

 

China’s excess capacity has built up over a significant amount of time, and our concerns will not be resolved in a week or a month. But the exchanges that we announced during this trip will provide a dedicated structure for us to raise our concerns about China’s imbalances and overcapacity—among a wide range of other topics—in a detailed and targeted manner. We intend to underscore the need for a shift in policy by China during these talks—building on the over two hours I spent on this topic with the Vice Premier last week. This is a part of our effort to advocate for American industries and prevent the significant economic disruptions we’ve seen in the past.  中國的產能過剩是長期累積的，我們的擔憂不會在一周或一個月內解決。但我們在這次訪問期間宣布的交流將為我們提供一個專門的結構，以便我們以詳細和有針對性的方式提出對中國失衡和產能過剩以及其他廣泛主題的擔憂。我們打算在這些會談中強調中國需要改變政策——以上周我與副總理就這個話題進行的兩個多小時的討論為基礎。這是我們倡導美國工業並防止我們過去看到的重大經濟混亂的努力的一部分。

 

It’s important to note that I firmly believe that addressing these imbalances in an appropriate way will not only be good for the U.S. and the world. It will also be good for China’s long-term productivity and growth. Importantly, we have and will continue to emphasize that our concern about overcapacity is not animated by anti-China sentiment or a desire to decouple. Rather, it is driven by a desire to prevent global economic dislocation and move toward a healthy economic relationship with China.  值得注意的是，我堅信以適當的方式解決這些失衡問題不僅有利於美國和世界。這也有利於中國的長期生產力和成長。重要的是，我們已經並將繼續強調，我們對產能過剩的擔憂並非出於反華情緒或脫鉤願望。相反，它是出於防止全球經濟混亂並與中國建立健康經濟關係的願望所驅動的。

 

Anti-Money Laundering Cooperation  反洗錢合作

Second, I was pleased to announce that we are expanding cooperation with China in our shared work against illicit finance. At home, President Biden and I have taken major steps to prevent illicit actors from exploiting the U.S. financial system and to hold them accountable when they do. But the United States cannot do it alone. Weaknesses in financial regulatory regimes abroad—in China and other countries around the world—also provide an avenue for financing for criminal organizations, human traffickers, drug traffickers, fraudsters, and other malicious actors that can harm Americans and our national security. From now on, a new Joint Treasury- PBOC Cooperation and Exchange on Anti-Money Laundering, established during this trip, will enable our countries to share best practices and information to clamp down on loopholes in our respective financial systems. I’ve asked my team to begin these meetings very soon, and we look forward to reporting on our progress.  其次，我很高興地宣布，我們正在擴大與中國的合作，共同打擊非法金融。在國內，拜登總統和我已採取重大措施，防止非法行為者利用美國金融體系，並在他們這樣做時追究他們的責任。但美國無法獨自做到這一點。國外（中國和世界其他國家）金融監管制度的薄弱也為犯罪組織、人口販運者、毒販、詐欺者和其他可能損害美國人和我們國家安全的惡意行為者提供了融資途徑。從現在起，此行期間建立的新的財政部——中國人民銀行反洗錢合作交流機制將使我們兩國能夠分享最佳實踐和訊息，以遏制各自金融體系中的漏洞。我已要求我的團隊盡快開始這些會議，我們期待報告我們的進展。

I’m also pleased that illicit finance is a critical component of Treasury’s work with the PBOC as part of the U.S.-PRC Counternarcotics Working Group. Exchanging information on money laundering as it relates to trafficking of fentanyl and other illicit synthetic drugs can help us disrupt the flow of illicit narcotics, precursor chemicals, and equipment. The opioid epidemic is a crisis that affects every community in the United States, large or small, with more than 150 Americans dying each day. Treasury is committed to using all of our tools, including international cooperation, to counter this threat.  我還很高興地看到，作為美中禁毒工作小組的一部分，非法金融是財政部與中國人民銀行合作的重要組成部分。交換有關芬太尼和其他非法合成藥物販運的洗錢資訊可以幫助我們阻斷非法麻醉品、前驅化學物質和設備的流動。阿片類藥物氾濫是一場影響美國每個社區（無論大小）的危機，每天有超過 150 名美國人死亡。財政部致力於使用我們所有的工具，包括國際合作，來應對這項威脅。

 

Financial Technical Exchanges and Broader Cooperation with China  與中國的金融技術交流和更廣泛的合作

Third, we are announcing that we will continue a series of financial technical exchanges between the United States and China. Just like military leaders need a hotline in a crisis, American and Chinese financial regulators must be able to communicate to prevent financial stresses from turning into crises with tremendous ramifications for our citizens and the international community. Over the past few months, we have hosted several exercises with China, including on how we would coordinate if there were to be a failure of a large bank in either of our countries. I’m pleased that we will hold upcoming exchanges on operational resilience in the financial sector and on financial stability implications from the insurance sector’s exposure to climate risks.  第三，我們宣布我們將繼續進行中美之間的一系列金融科技交流。就像軍事領導人在危機中需要熱線一樣，美國和中國的金融監管機構也必須能夠溝通，以防止金融壓力演變成對我們公民和國際社會產生巨大影響的危機。過去幾個月，我們與中國舉辦了許多演習，包括討論如果我們兩國的一家大型銀行倒閉，我們將如何協調。我很高興我們即將就金融部門的營運彈性以及保險部門面臨氣候風險對金融穩定的影響進行交流。

 

These are the types of discussions that we have with other major economies, since we know a financial issue in a foreign country can quickly cascade to ours. I am glad that we are doing the same with China.  這些是我們與其他主要經濟體的討論，因為我們知道外國的金融問題可能很快就會蔓延到我們的問題。我很高興我們正在對中國做同樣的事情。

 

This technical exchange builds on other spheres of cooperation. This includes our efforts to alleviate debt distress in emerging markets and developing countries. We have seen progress over the past few months on specific debt cases, such as Zambia’s. I have and will continue to push as hard as I can to build greater momentum in other outstanding debt cases. I have also been pleased by the progress we have made in conversations around sustainable finance and am committed to moving our climate cooperation with China forward.  這種技術交流建立在其他合作領域的基礎上。這包括我們為緩解新興市場和發展中國家的債務困境所做的努力。過去幾個月，我們看到了尚比亞等具體債務案件的進展。我已經並將繼續盡我所能，在其他未償債務案件中建立更大的勢頭。我也對我們在永續金融對話中的進展感到高興，並致力於推動我們與中國的氣候合作。

 

Macroeconomy and National Security  宏觀經濟與國家安全

Alongside these specific steps, I also exchanged views with Chinese officials on the macroeconomy and national security. I shared my assessment that the American economy remains strong, with President Biden’s historic economic agenda driving both our current resilience and long-term growth. We also discussed risks to the resilient global outlook. I was able to learn more about how the Chinese government views their current economic and financial situation and the steps that they have and are contemplating taking. These exchanges help inform our government’s own economic decision-making.  除了這些具體措施外，我還與中方官員就宏觀經濟和國家安全等問題交換了意見。我分享了我的評估，美國經濟仍然強勁，拜登總統的歷史性經濟議程推動了我們當前的韌性和長期成長。我們也討論了彈性全球前景面臨的風險。我能夠更了解中國政府如何看待當前的經濟和金融狀況以及他們已經採取和正在考慮採取的措施。這些交流有助於為我們政府自己的經濟決策提供資訊。

 

We also had difficult conversations about national security. President Biden and I are determined to do all that we can to stem the flow of material that is supporting Russia’s defense industrial base and helping it to wage war against Ukraine. We continue to be concerned about the role that any firms, including those in the PRC, are playing in Russia’s military procurement. I stressed that companies, including those in the PRC, must not provide material support for Russia’s war and that they will face significant consequences if they do. And I reinforced that any banks that facilitate significant transactions that channel military or dual-use goods to Russia’s defense industrial base expose themselves to the risk of U.S. sanctions.  我們也就國家安全問題進行了艱難的對話。拜登總統和我決心盡一切努力阻止支持俄羅斯國防工業基礎並幫助其對烏克蘭發動戰爭的物資流動。我們繼續關注任何公司（包括中國公司）在俄羅斯軍事採購中所扮演的角色。我強調，包括中國企業在內的企業不得為俄羅斯戰爭提供物質支持，否則將面臨重大後果。我還強調，任何促進將軍事或軍民兩用商品輸送到俄羅斯國防工業基地的重大交易的銀行都會面臨美國制裁的風險。

 

We also exchanged information on the use of economic tools in the national security space. Going forward, I believe that we must continue to discuss how each side defines national security in the economic sphere. While the U.S. needs to continually evaluate its national security measures given the rapid pace of technological development, we are committed to “no surprises.” We have privately and publicly laid out our perspective at length, along with the principles and process that we undertake in formulating our policies. Our actions are implemented through transparent rules and regulations with ample comment periods. We would welcome transparency from the PRC on its national security actions and greater clarity on where it sees the line between national security and economic issues. This would provide greater stability to the relationship while also helping bolster confidence for firms doing business with the PRC, which is in China’s interest.  我們也就在國家安全領域使用經濟工具交換了資訊。展望未來，我認為我們必須繼續討論各方如何界定經濟領域的國家安全。鑑於技術發展的快速步伐，美國需要不斷評估其國家安全措施，但我們致力於「不出現意外」。我們私下和公開地詳細闡述了我們的觀點，以及我們在製定政策時所採取的原則和程序。我們的行動是透過透明的規則和法規以及充足的評論期來實施的。我們歡迎中華人民共和國在其國家安全行動上保持透明度，並更明確地了解國家安全與經濟問題之間的界限。這將為兩國關係提供更大的穩定性，同時也有助於增強與中國開展業務的企業的信心，這也符合中國的利益。

Vice Premier He and I committed to stay in close touch about these issues. The United States will also be hosting our Chinese counterparts next week for the fourth meetings of the Economic and Financial Working Groups, where these issues will be discussed at length.  我和何副總理承諾就這些問題保持密切聯繫。美國下週也將主辦中國同行參加經濟與金融工作小組第四次會議，將詳細討論這些問題。

 

CLOSING  結尾

Let me end with this. The work of diplomacy is not easy. But in the few months since the Woodside Summit—and certainly since I visited Beijing last summer—we have taken major steps to stabilize the U.S.-China bilateral relationship. And during this trip, we have been able to build on that foundation to move the ball forward on specific issues that matter to Americans.  讓我以此來結束。外交工作並不輕鬆。但自從伍德賽德峰會以來的幾個月——當然還有我去年夏天訪問北京以來——我們已經採取了重大步驟來穩定美中雙邊關係。在這次訪問期間，我們能夠在此基礎上推動在對美國人重要的具體議題上取得進展。

That does not mean we have resolved all our differences. There is much more work to do. And it remains unclear what this relationship will endure in the months and years ahead.  這並不意味著我們已經解決了所有分歧。還有很多工作要做。目前尚不清楚這種關係在未來數月甚至數年內將持續多久。

But as we proceed, we must remember that its trajectory is not predestined. It depends on the choices that each of our countries make. I know that the American people expect a clear-eyed approach to China: one that proceeds with confidence about the economic strength of our country and protects our national security while finding a way forward so that both countries can live in a world of peace and prosperity. The President and I are firmly committed to continue to deliver on that.  但當我們繼續前進時，我們必須記住，它的軌跡並不是預先決定的。這取決於我們每個國家所做的選擇。我知道美國人民期待對中國採取清醒的態度：對我國的經濟實力充滿信心，保護我們的國家安全，同時找到前進的道路，使兩國都能生活在一個和平與繁榮的世界中。總統和我堅定致力於繼續實現這一目標。

 

I’ll take your questions.  我會回答大家的問題。