【縛雞之論】
媒體傳普丁主持俄羅斯核武演習，此行為是典型的核子嚇阻，是弱勢一方為阻止侵略的預防性、守勢的政治行為，而不是主動升高戰爭的行為。
The President
of the Russian Federation
Executive Order
On Basic Principles
of State Policy of the Russian Federation
on Nuclear Deterrence
With a view
to provide for the implementation of the State Policy of the Russian Federation
on Nuclear Deterrence I hereby resolve:
1. To approve
the attached Basic Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation on Nuclear
Deterrence.
2. This Executive
Order shall enter into force upon its signing.
President of the Russian Federation
Vladimir Putin
Moscow, Kremlin
June 2nd,
2020
No.355
APPROVED
by Executive Order of the President
of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2020 No.355
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of State Policy of the Russian Federation on Nuclear Deterrence
〈俄羅斯聯邦關於核子嚇阻的國家政策的基本原則〉
Taimocracy翻譯
I. General Provisions 一般條款
1. These Basic
Principles represent a strategic planning document in the area of ensuring defence
and reflect the official view on the essence of nuclear deterrence, identify military
risks and threats to be neutralized by implementation of nuclear deterrence, the
principles of nuclear deterrence, as well as the conditions for the Russian Federation
to proceed to the use of nuclear weapons. 【這些基本原則是為確保國防領域的戰略規劃文件，反映官方對核子嚇阻本質的看法，確定了透過實施核子嚇阻來化解的軍事風險和威脅、的原則，以及俄羅斯聯邦使用核武的條件。】
2. The guaranteed
deterrence of a potential adversary from aggression against the Russian Federation
and/or its allies is one of the highest state priorities. Deterrence of aggression
is ensured by the entire military strength of the Russian Federation, including
its nuclear weapons. 【保證嚇阻潛在對手對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國的侵略是國家最高優先事項之一。由俄羅斯聯邦的全部軍事力量，包括其核武來保證嚇阻侵略。】
3. The State
Policy of the Russian Federation on Nuclear Deterrence (hereinafter – “the State
Policy on Nuclear Deterrence”) is a set of political, military, military-technical,
diplomatic, economic, information and other measures, coordinated and united by
a common design, implemented through reliance on forces and means of nuclear deterrence
to prevent aggression against the Russian Federation and/or its allies. 【俄羅斯聯邦核子嚇阻國家政策（以下簡稱「核子嚇阻國家政策」）是一套政治、軍事、軍事技術、外交、經濟、資訊和其他措施，由一個共同的設計來協調和統一，透過核子嚇阻力量和手段來防止對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟友的侵略。】
4. State policy
on Nuclear Deterrence is defensive by nature, it is aimed at maintaining the nuclear
forces potential at the level sufficient for nuclear deterrence, and guarantees
protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the State, and deterrence
of a potential adversary from aggression against the Russian Federation and/or its
allies. In the event of a military conflict, this Policy provides for the prevention of an escalation of military actions and their
termination on conditions that are acceptable for the Russian Federation
and/or its allies. 【國家核子嚇阻政策的性質是防禦性，其目的是將核力量的潛力保持在足以進行核子嚇阻的水準上，並保證保護國家主權和領土完整，以及阻止潛在對手對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國進行侵略。在發生軍事衝突的情況下，該政策規定防止軍事行動升級，並在俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國可接受的條件下終止軍事行動。】
5. The Russian
Federation considers nuclear weapons exclusively as
a means of deterrence, their use being an extreme
and compelled measure, and takes all necessary efforts to reduce nuclear
threat and prevent aggravation of interstate relations, that could trigger military
conflicts, including nuclear ones. 【俄羅斯聯邦認為核武完全是一種嚇阻手段，使用核武是一種極端和被迫的措施，並採取一切必要的努力來減少核威脅，防止國家間關係惡化，因為這可能引發軍事衝突，包括核衝突。】
6. The normative
and legal foundation of these Basic Principles is formed by the Constitution of
the Russian Federation, universally recognized principles and norms of international
law, international treaties of the Russian Federation on defence and arms control,
federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other normative and legal acts and
documents that regulate defence and security issues. 【這些基本原則的規範和法律基礎是由〈俄羅斯聯邦憲法〉、公認的國際法原則和規範、俄羅斯聯邦關於國防和軍備控制的國際條約、聯邦憲法法律、聯邦法律和其他規範國防和安全問題的規範和法律行為和檔構成的】
7. The provisions
of these Basic Principles are mandatory for implementation by all federal government
bodies and other government bodies and organizations that are involved in ensuring
nuclear deterrence. 【這些基本原則的規定是所有聯邦政府機構和參與確保核子嚇阻的其他政府機構和組織必須執行的。】
8. These Basic
Principles may be further specified depending on the external and internal factors
that influence defence implementation. 【這些基本原則可以根據影響國防實施的外部和內部因素而進一步具體化。】
II. Essence of nuclear deterrence 核子嚇阻的本質
9. Nuclear
deterrence is aimed to provide comprehension by a potential adversary of the inevitability of retaliation in the event of aggression against the Russian Federation and/or its
allies. 【核子嚇阻的目的是讓潛在的對手明白，如果對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國進行侵略，其報復是不可避免的。】
10. Nuclear
deterrence is ensured by the presence in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
of the combat-ready forces and means that are capable to inflict guaranteed unacceptable
damage on a potential adversary through employment of nuclear weapons in any circumstances,
as well as by the readiness and resolve of the Russian Federation to use such weapons.
【核子嚇阻的保證是，俄羅斯聯邦武裝部隊中存在能夠在任何情況下透過使用核武確實對潛在對手造成不可接受的損害的戰鬥準備力量和手段，以及俄羅斯聯邦使用這種武器的準備和決心。】
11. Nuclear
deterrence is ensured continuously in peacetime, in periods of a direct threat of
aggression and also in wartime, up until the actual use of nuclear weapons. 【核子嚇阻在和平時期，在直接受到侵略威脅的時期，以及在戰時，直到實際使用核武之前，都會持續著。】
12. The main
military risks that might evolve into military threats (threats of aggression) to
the Russian Federation due to changes in the military-political and strategic situation,
and that are to be neutralized by implementation of nuclear deterrence, are as follows:
【由於軍事政治和戰略形勢的變化，可能演變成對俄羅斯聯邦的軍事威脅（侵略威脅），並透過實施核子嚇阻來化解以下的主要軍事風險：】
a) build-up
by a potential adversary of the general purpose forces groupings that possess nuclear
weapons delivery means in the territories of the states contiguous with the Russian
Federation and its allies, as well as in adjacent waters; 【潛在對手在與俄羅斯聯邦及其盟國相鄰的國家領土上以及在毗鄰水域，集結擁有核武載具的一般部隊。】
b) deployment
by states which consider the Russian Federation as a potential adversary, of missile
defence systems and means, medium- and shorter-range cruise and ballistic missiles,
non-nuclear high-precision and hypersonic weapons, strike unmanned aerial
vehicles, and directed energy weapons; 【被俄羅斯聯邦視為潛在對手的國家部署飛彈防禦系統和手段、中程和短程巡航飛彈和彈道飛彈、非核高精和極音速武器、攻擊型無人駕駛航空器和定向能武器】
c) development
and deployment of missile defence assets and strike systems in outer space; 【發展與部署外太空飛彈防禦武器與攻擊系統】
d) possession
by states of nuclear weapons and (or) other types of weapons of mass destruction
that can be used against the Russian Federation and/or its allies, as well as means
of delivery of such weapons; 【針對俄羅斯與盟邦，由國家擁有核子武器與其他大規模殺傷性武器，以及其投射性統】
e) uncontrolled
proliferation of nuclear weapons, their delivery means, technology and equipment
for their manufacture; 【失控的核武、投射系統、科技與生產設備之擴散】
f) deployment
of nuclear weapons and their delivery means in the territories of non-nuclear weapon
states. 【在非核武國家的領土上部署核武及其載具】
13. The Russian
Federation implements its nuclear deterrence with regard to individual states and
military coalitions (blocs, alliances) that consider the Russian Federation as a
potential adversary and that possess nuclear weapons and/or other types of weapons
of mass destruction, or significant combat potential of general purpose forces.
【俄羅斯聯邦對那些將俄羅斯聯邦視為潛在對手、擁有核武和/或其他類型的大規模殺傷性武器，或具有重大戰鬥潛力的一般部隊的個別國家和軍事聯盟（集團、聯盟）實施核子嚇阻。】
14. While
implementing nuclear deterrence, the Russian Federation takes into account the deployment
by a potential adversary, in the territories of other countries, of offensive weapons
(cruise and ballistic missiles, hypersonic aerial vehicles, strike unmanned aerial
vehicles), directed energy weapons, missile defence assets, early warning systems,
nuclear weapons and/or other weapons of mass destruction that may be used against
the Russian Federation and/or its allies. 【在實施核子嚇阻同時，俄羅斯聯邦考慮到潛在對手，在其他國家領土上部署進攻性武器（巡航飛彈和彈道飛彈、極音速飛行器、攻擊型無人機）、定向能武器、飛彈防禦資產、預警系統、核武和/或其他大規模殺傷性武器，這些武器可能會對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟友使用。】
15. The principles
of nuclear deterrence are as follows: 【核子嚇阻原則】
a) compliance
with international arms control commitments; 【遵守國際武器管制承諾】
b) continuity
of activities ensuring nuclear deterrence; 【確保核子嚇阻活動的持續性】
c) adaptability
of nuclear deterrence to military threats; 【針對軍事威脅的核子嚇阻適應性】
d) unpredictability
for a potential adversary in terms of scale, time and place for possible employment
of forces and means of nuclear deterrence; 【潛在對手在可能使用核子嚇阻力量和手段的規模、時間和地點方面的不可預測性】
e) centralization of governmental control over the activities
of federal executive bodies and organizations involved in ensuring nuclear deterrence;
【政府對參與確保核子嚇阻的聯邦執行機構和組織的活動進行集中控制】
f) rationality
of structure and composition of nuclear deterrence forces and means and their maintaining
at the minimal level sufficient for implementing the tasks assigned; 【核子嚇阻力量和手段的結構和組成的合理性，並將其保持在足以執行指定任務的最低水準上】
g) maintaining
permanent readiness of a designated fraction of nuclear deterrence forces and means
for combat use. 【保持指定數量的核子嚇阻力量和手段的長期戰備狀態，以備作戰使用。】
16. The nuclear
deterrence forces of the Russian Federation include land-, sea- and air-based nuclear
forces. 【俄羅斯聯邦的核子嚇阻力量包括陸基、海基和空基核力量】
III. Conditions for the transition of
the Russian Federation to the useof nuclear weapons 俄羅斯聯邦向使用核武過渡的條件：使用核武的條件
17. The Russian
Federation reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of nuclear
and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it and/or its allies, as
well as in the event of aggression against the Russian Federation with the use of
conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is in jeopardy. 【俄羅斯聯邦保留使用核武的權利，以回應對其和/或其盟國使用核武和其他類型的大規模毀滅性武器，以及在使用常規武器侵略俄羅斯聯邦的情況下，當國家的生存受到威脅時使用核武。】
18. The decision
to use nuclear weapons is taken by the President of the Russian Federation. 【使用核武的決定是由俄羅斯聯邦總統作出的。】
19. The conditions
specifying the possibility of nuclear weapons use by the Russian Federation are
as follows: 【規定俄羅斯聯邦使用核武的可能性的條件如下】
a) arrival
of reliable data on a launch of ballistic missiles attacking the territory of the
Russian Federation and/or its allies; 【收到關於攻擊俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國領土的彈道飛彈的可靠的發射資料】
b) use of
nuclear weapons or other types of weapons of mass destruction by an adversary against
the Russian Federation and/or its allies; 【敵方對俄羅斯聯邦和/或其盟國使用核武或其他類型的大規模毀滅性武器】
c) attack
by adversary against critical governmental or military sites of the Russian Federation,
disruption of which would undermine nuclear forces response actions; 【攻擊，破壞這些場所將破壞核力量的反應行動】
d) aggression
against the Russian Federation with the use of conventional weapons when the very
existence of the state is in jeopardy. 【當國家的生存受到威脅時，使用常規武器侵略俄羅斯聯邦】
20. The President
of the Russian Federation might, if necessary, inform the military-political leadership
of other states and/or international organizations about the Russian Federation’s
readiness to use nuclear weapons or about the decision taken to use nuclear weapons,
as well as about the fact that nuclear weapons have been used. 【必要時，俄羅斯聯邦總統可向其他國家和/或國際組織的軍事政治領導人通報俄羅斯聯邦準備使用核武或已作出使用核武的決定，以及已經使用核武的事實。】
IV. Tasks and functions of federal government
authorities, other government bodies and organizations for implementing state policy
on nuclear deterrence 聯邦政府當局、其他政府機構和組織在執行國家核子嚇阻政策方面的任務和職能
21. Overall
direction of state policy in the area of nuclear deterrence is carried out by the
President of the Russian Federation. 【核子嚇阻領域的國家政策的總體方向由俄羅斯聯邦總統執行。】
22. The Government
of the Russian Federation implements measures to carry out the economic policy aimed
at maintaining and developing nuclear deterrence assets shapes and exercises the
foreign and information policy in the area of nuclear deterrence. 【俄羅斯聯邦政府採取措施，執行旨在維持和發展核子嚇阻資產的經濟政策，並在核子嚇阻領域實行外交和資訊政策。】
23. The Security
Council of the Russian Federation shapes the basic principles of military policy
in the area of nuclear deterrence, coordinates the activities of federal executive
bodies and organizations involved in implementation of the decisions adopted by
the President of the Russian Federation and related to ensuring nuclear deterrence.
【俄羅斯聯邦安全委員會制定核子嚇阻領域軍事政策的基本原則，協調參與執行俄羅斯聯邦總統透過與確保核子嚇阻有關的決定的聯邦行政機構和組織的活動。】
24. The Ministry
of Defence of the Russian Federation, acting through the General Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Russian Federation, directly plans and carries out organizational
and military measures in the area of nuclear deterrence. 【俄羅斯聯邦國防部透過俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量總參謀部直接計畫和實施核子嚇阻領域的組織和軍事措施。】
25. Other
federal executive bodies and organizations participate in the implementation of
decisions adopted by the President of the Russian Federation and related to ensuring
nuclear deterrence in accordance with their authority. 【其他聯邦行政機構和組織，根據其許可權參與執行俄羅斯聯邦總統透過的與確保核子嚇阻有關的決定。】
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