雲程的雙魚鏡 HoonTing's View: 從〈逃犯法〉，看美港「政策」與美台「關係」雲程

從〈逃犯法〉，看美港「政策」與美台「關係」　　雲程

From the Extradition Bill HoonTing

香港立法會因審議〈逃犯條例〉修訂草案爆發嚴重衝突。稍早美國國會轄下「美中經濟與安全審查委員會」提出報告指出：此〈條例〉若通過，恐對美國經濟利益與家安全構成嚴重的風險，也將違反〈美國－香港政策法〉，特別是美國海軍人員在香港常規停靠期間，恐因被逮捕或拘留而引渡；北京更得透過香港以莫須有罪名引渡美國公民。鑑於美國在港公民有跨國企業的區域主管，其影響不僅是香港一地。香港美僑商會憂心，連過境的商務客恐將身陷危機。

Hong Kong’s Legislative Council plans to pass the Amendment of the Extradition Bill before July 1. The Bill causes broad protests. The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission of the Congress released a report on the issue on May 7 stated that it will create serious risks for U.S. national security and economic interests if the bill passes. The pass will also in violation of the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 (HKPA). The Congress concerns the potential risk of extradition for U.S. Navy personnel in the territory if detained or arrested during routine port calls. Beijing may extradite the U.S. citizens under false pretenses for political and business reason. Given there are high-level regional CEOs in international corporations, the pass of the bill will have an impact over not just Hong Kong. The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong worried “the possibility of arrest and rendition to the if PRC of international business executive resident in, or transiting through.”

2017年北京逼香港首度拒絕引渡美國公民回美，美國要重新審議美港間引渡條約，以釐清香港是否仍具「履行該條約義務的法律能力」。這句話很嚴重，根據〈政策法〉202條，若北京侵蝕香港自治、或香港無法執行條約義務，美國總統得擱置〈政策法〉的任何部分之適用，包括智慧財產權。在美中激烈對峙時，顯得格外嚴峻。

In 2017, Beijing demanded the Hong Kong government for the first time refused a U.S. extradition request, which raises a question of the Hong Kong authorities’ ability to uphold legal commitments to the treaty. Those words are severe. According to section 202 of HKPA, the U.S. President may if Beijing erodes Hong Kong’s autonomy or “Hong Kong is not sufficiently autonomous to justify treatment under a particular law of the United States,” the U.S. President may “issue an Executive order suspending the application.” This includes the suspension of the application.

1992年〈香港政策法〉的基礎是〈中英聯合聲明〉至少50年不變的承諾。北京以此「延續性」換取美國視香港為獨立於中國的非主權實體，在貿易及經濟事務上給予香港不同於中國的特別待遇，包括讓香港得依〈瓦聖納協定〉(前身為COCOM)[1]取得高科技。中共急著毀棄承諾，香港會發生什麼事？

The Sino-U.K. Joint Declaration, especially the commitment to maintain the “current lifestyle and legal, social, and economic systems until at least the year 2047” is the foundation of the USHKA. The U.S. President “should consider the terms, obligations, and expectations expressed in the Joint Declaration with respect to Hong Kong.” Beijing's commitment of Hong Kong's continuity is closed related to the U.S., of which the U.S. provides Hong Kong as the status as a separate customs territory and gives it special treatments in trade and economic affairs other than China. The special treatment allows Hong Kong to access sensitive materials and technologies in the Wassenaar Arrangement. What will happen to Hong Kong if Beijing rushes to break its commitments in the Joint Declaration?

相對於〈香港政策法〉鉅細靡遺，旨在維持現狀；〈台灣關係法〉則以模糊著稱，著眼與時俱進。部分人以〈香港政策法〉比擬〈台灣關係法〉，似為誤解。

Comparing to the details prescribes in HKPA, which intended to maintain the status quo, the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), is known as ambiguity, aiming at the flexibility to meet the changes. It seems to be a misunderstanding of some observers to link HKPA and TRA together.

美國以政策為名的法律，尚有澳門、環境、能源等，最新的是關於維吾爾人權。而美國以關係法為名最著名的是〈波多黎各聯邦關係法〉，它是橫跨半世紀，以美西戰爭後政治重建為目標三部法律的最後一部，包括：1900年 Foraker Act，建立臨時/民事政府、1917年 the Jones-Shafroth Act，建立民事政府、1950年 Organic Act就是前述〈波多黎各聯邦關係法〉，授權建立自治的憲法政府。

There are U.S. laws in the short title of "Policy Act," such as Macau, environment, and energies. The latest bill is Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act. However, the notable law in name of “Relations Act” is the “Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act,” one of the legal documents since the end of the U.S.-Spanish War. The laws are 1900年 Foraker Act of 1900, mandating provision and civil government; the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917, mandating civil government; and，the Organic Act of 1950, known as the “Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act,” mandating a constitutional government of autonomy.

美國實施重建的案例不少，距離台灣最近的是菲律賓，其系列法律為：1902年 Philippine Organic Act，建立民事政府、1916年 Philippine Autonomy Act，允許建立自治政府、1934年 the Philippines Independence At，允許經10年自治國過渡後獨立。

The U.S. has plenty of experiences of post-war reconstruction, the Philippines is the nearest case to Taiwan. The serial laws of reconstruction are the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, mandating civil government; the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, mandating autonomous government; the Philippines Independence At of 1934, allowing the independence of the Philippines after ten years transitional Commonwealth of the Philippines.

在美國憲法下，政治重建的法律，「內國法域意義的境外」[2]，很超越的概念。〈香港政策法〉與〈台灣關係法〉是畢竟不同的概念。

The political reconstruction, especially the concept of “Foreign in a Domestic Sense,” under the Constitution of the U.S. is very transcendent to Taiwanese. The Taiwan Relations Act, carrying out the function of post-war reconstruction, is very different from the U.S. Hong Kong Policy Act.

• 內國法域意義的境外（非國內／非國外）Foreign in a Domestic Sense

• 內地 vs. 外地：

• 波多黎各也是「關係法」

　— 1900 the Foraker Act (PL 56-191)，建立臨時/民事政府

　— 1917 the Jones-Shafroth Act (PL 64–368)，建立民事政府

　— 1950 the Organic Act (PL 81-600)：The Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 (PL 81–600) ，建立自治的憲法政府

1902.07.01 the Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Act)，建立民事政府

1916.08.29 the Philippine Autonomy Act (PL 39-545)，允許自治政府

1934.03.24 the Philippines Independence At (PL 73-127, Tydings–McDuffie Act)，允許10年自治國過渡後獨立

https://www.slideshare.net/CarloPMarasigan/organic-laws-implemented-in-the-philippines-and-heroes

不解的是，在US CODE中

波多黎各（關島、阿拉斯加巴拿馬運河區等），是放在 Title 48. TERRITORIES AND INSULAR POSSESSION，第4章