公投重建模式又一例

【Comment】

抱歉，新喀里多尼亞在1998與2018，各有一次公投。

文章中的程序與實體的判斷是正確的，但是1998年的公投題目文字似有問題。

怎會發生如此錯誤，已無記憶？

公投重建模式又一例

法國海外屬地新喀里多尼亞(New Caledonia)舉行獨立公投。正如預期，多數人決定留在法國，仍維持法國海外特殊集合體(Special Collectivity)地位。

New Caledonia, a French overseas territory, held independence referendum on November 4, 2018.  As the poll indicated, most of the people voted to stay as Special Collectivity of the Fifth Republic.

屬地（殖民地）人民，多認定管理國的統治，本質是剝削屬地的勞力或自然資源。戰後，隨著經濟與民權成長，各地出現脫殖民化的過程宗。

The people of the dependent territories, or the colonies, tend to regard the rule of the administering authority over the territories is nothing but the exploitation the labor forces and the natural resources.  After the end of WWII, amid the evolution of economy and civil rights, de-colonization movement happened everywhere in the world.

喀里多尼亞有豐富鎳礦，1853年後被法國合併，成為法國資產卻也是本地人之痛。經1980年代長期動亂後，法國與當地統獨各派於1988年10月5日簽署〈馬提尼翁協議〉(the Matignon Accord)：設立10年發展期，期間不提獨立，但可作為觀察員加入國際和區域組織。法國允許喀里多尼亞1998年公投。

Having rich nickel resources, some 1/4 of the known reserves of the world, Caledonia was annexed by France in 1853.  It became an asset of France as well as Europeans, but the pain of the Kanaks, the indigenous people.  After the long riots in 1980s, France and the communities on Caledonia, pro-independence and anti-independence reached an agreement, the Matignon Accord, on October 5, 1988.  The agreement set a ten-year development period; no parties were allowed to agitate independence or otherwise during the period; Caledonia was granted the status to attend the international or regional organizations as an observer.  In the agreement France granted Caledonia a referendum in 1998.

1998年5月5日三方再簽署〈努梅阿協議〉(the Nouméa Accord)確立：20年過渡期與2018年的公投。管理國的授權至關重要，為此，法國國會有後續立法，包括：結束法國海外領土地位，並創造共享主權的「新喀里多尼亞」地位與「新公民」身份；行政權力從巴黎「不可逆轉的轉移」到地方當局，建立新喀里多尼亞的新國會等。

The three parties concluded the Nouméa Accord on 5 May 1998, in which it set a 20-years transitional period and the referendum on 2018.  The transfer of power in the process was critically important.  The “Parlement français” passed laws to meet the Accord, including the constitutional changes to New Caledonia’s status within the French Republic, creating “shared sovereignty”, a new citizenship for New Caledonians, and ending the previous status as a territoire d’outre-mer (overseas territory) of France; an “irreversible” transfer of administrative powers from Paris to local authorities and the new Congress in New Caledonia, among others.

兩次公投題目「你同意允許新喀里多尼亞居民在1998年投票支持自決嗎？」「你同意允許1998年5月5日有關新喀里多尼亞的協議？」(1998)、「你想讓新喀里多尼亞獲得完全的主權並獨立嗎？」(2018)—前者確立公投本身的程序合法性，後者尋求公投的實體結果。

The questions of two referendums, "Do you approve the Accord on New Caledonia signed in Nouméa on 5 May 1998?"(1998), and "Do you want New Caledonia to attain full sovereignty and become independent?"(2018) were different, suggesting that they carefully deal with the procedure legitimacy first in 1998 and the substantial outcomes in 2018.

和軍事佔領的政治重建一樣，脫殖民化程序都扣緊「合法性」與「階段性」兩個最重要的因素—都與管理國密不可分。

Exactly as the political reconstruction of military occupation, the processes of de-colonization should conform to the principles of the legitimacy and the incremental stages, which have close relations with the administering authority.

合法性展現在權力移轉—屬地的主權原掌握在管理國，必須透過管理國法律授權與條約同意的形式，才能轉讓到屬地人民與當局手中，使成為主權國家。權力移轉必須經過從屬地到自治等階段：組織臨時政府，過渡政府，透過遴選草擬臨時憲法、過渡憲法（或稱治理基本法），一步步增強領土當局合法性。最後透過被授權的公投確認正式憲法，並依此舉行大選，建立國會與政府，才堂皇接受管理國的主權，成為主權獨立的國家。若想一步登天，跳過階段性設計，必然出現混亂。

Transfer of power make thing legitimate.  The sovereignty of the territory holds in the hand of the administering authority.  It needs the authorization of the administering authority in legal and in agreement forms.  The transfer of power makes a territory evolves from dependencies to autonomous.  They need the phases of the interim government, the transitional government; drafting the interim constitution, the transitional constitution, or the organic law, to legitimatize the local authority phase by phase.  Finally, the constitution is formalized by referendum.

檢視世界史前例，政治重建或脫殖民化進程，多需耗費幾十年到百年時間。管理國或第三方還要監督進程，不使之逸出既有軌道，危及包括區域各國在內各關係方的利益。

The political reconstruction and the de-colonization cost decades or centuries to achieve.  The administering authority and the third parties supervise the whole process on the track in order not to sabotage the interest of the stake holders and the regional countries.

戰後台灣的政治重建已獲致可觀成果。推動公投的朋友，必須使自己與讓支持者理解這些背後的法律架構不可，否則會徒勞無功。

Taiwan has acquired tremendous achievements through the long post war political reconstruction.  Those who propagandize the referendum in Taiwan must understand and let their supporters know that the legal frame is and what behind the news that make the referendum legitimate and successful.

【孿生文章】

公投重建模式又一例