菲國大法官重砲：〈西菲律賓海的歷史事實、歷史謊言與歷史權利〉○雲程譯— 2/2 revised on 20140618

Historical Facts, Historical Lies, and Historical Rights in the West Philippine Sea

菲國大法官重砲：〈西菲律賓海的歷史事實、歷史謊言與歷史權利〉○雲程譯— 2/2  revised on 20140618

Yet, this is exactly what China did in 1947 when China drew its 9-dash line map in the South China Sea, claiming as basis “historical facts.”

但這就是中國在1947年的行為：在南海畫上「九段線」，並主張其為「歷史事實」。

All maps since 1100 AD, whether done by Chinese or foreigners, show Hainan Island as the southernmost territory of China. 

1100年之後的包括華人或洋人所製作的所有地圖，都顯示海南島是中國最南的領土。

China’s territory never included the Spratlys and Scarborough Shoal.  There is not a single ancient Chinese map, whether made by Chinese or foreigners, showing that the Spratlys and Scarborough Shoal were ever part of Chinese territory.  To repeat, in all these ancient Chinese maps, the southernmost Chinese territory has always been Hainan Island.

中國領土從未包括南沙群島與「斯卡伯勒淺灘」 (黃岩島)。即便任何牽涉中國的歷史地圖，也從未顯示此一現象。再講一次：中國的國境之南是海南島。

All maps of the Philippines, from 1636 to 1940, a period of 304 years, consistently show Scarborough Shoal, whether named or unnamed, as part of the Philippines. 

所有從1636年到1940年，長達304年的菲律賓地圖，持續顯示斯卡伯勒淺灘（無論指名或不指名）為菲律賓的一部份。

China’s 9-dash line claim is on its face a gigantic historical fraud.  Under the 9-dash lines, China claims that its southernmost territory is James Shoal, 50 NM from the coast of Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.  James Shoal is a fully submerged reef, 22 meters under water, entirely within Malaysia’s 200 NM EEZ and more than 950 NM from China.  How did the fully submerged James Shoal become China’s southernmost territory?  Let me quote a fascinating article on James Shoal published on February 9, 2013 in the South China Morning Post, written by Bill Hayton, a well-known British journalist:

中國的「九段線」是偽造的歷史。中國依據「九段線」宣稱其國境之南為「詹姆士礁岩」 (James Shoal、曾母暗沙)，距離馬來西亞的Bintulu 僅僅 50海里。「詹姆士礁岩」在漲潮時沒入海中22公尺，完全在馬來西亞200海里的專屬經濟海域中。《南華早報》在2013年2月9日有英國記者 Bill Hayton 報導如下：

The most likely answer seems to be that it was probably the result of a translation error.

此一爭議很可能是地圖轉譯上的錯誤所導致。

In the 1930s, China was engulfed in waves of nationalist anxiety.  The predation of the Western powers and imperial Japan, and the inability of the Republic of China to do anything meaningful to stop them, caused anger both in the streets and the corridors of power.  In 1933, the republic created the “Inspection Committee for Land and Water Maps” to formally list, describe and map every part of Chinese territory.  It was an attempt to assert sovereignty over the republic’s vast territory.

1930年代中國處在民族主義的焦慮中——夾雜在西方列強、日本帝國的壓力，中華民國的無能採取措施，只能生悶氣。1933年，中華民國設立「陸地與海洋地圖審查委員會」以確認中國領土，好主張大量的領土主權。

The major problem facing the committee, at least in the South China Sea, was that it had no means of actually surveying any of the features it wanted to claim.  Instead, the committee simply copied the existing British charts and changed the names of the islands to make them sound Chinese.  We know they did this because the committee’s map included about 20 mistakes that appeared on the British map - features that in later, better surveys were found not to actually exist.

至少對南海而言，問題是中華民國根本無能力實地勘查所主張的領土。所以，審查委員會僅僅拷貝英國的圖表並翻譯其名稱，是其聽起來像中國名稱。和英國地圖一樣，審查會出版的地圖至少出現20個錯誤，有些根本不存在。

Another glaring historical lie being spread by China is the claim that Scarborough Shoal, or Huangyan Island to the Chinese.  The alleged visit of Gou Shoujing to Scarborough Shoal in 1279 is the only historical link that China claims to Scarborough Shoal. 

中國的另外一個大謊言是「斯卡伯勒淺灘」 (黃岩島)，中國說黃岩島是她的，唯一的歷史連結即所謂的1279年天文學家郭守敬首度踏上黃岩島。

China is now stopped from claiming that Scarborough Shoal is Nanhai island.  China has officially declared that Nanhai island is in the Paracels, and thus China can no longer claim that Scarborough Shoal is the Nanhai island that Gou Shoujing visited in 1279.  Besides, it is quite ridiculous to claim that the famous Chinese astronomer-engineer-mathematician would visit and write for posterity about a few barren rocks that barely protruded above water at high tide.

中國目前不再宣稱「斯卡伯勒淺灘」為郭守敬所登上的「南海」島嶼。反之，正式宣告「南海」是西沙群島 (Paracels) 的一個島嶼。說天文學家兼工程師兼數學家的郭守敬會登上「斯卡伯勒淺灘」，並為後人撰寫這些漲潮時沒入水中的荒岩，實在荒誕。

China’s claim to the waters enclosed by the 9-dash line claim does not fall under any of the maritime zones recognized by international law or UNCLOS – namely, internal waters, territorial sea, EEZ, and ECS - that could be claimed by a coastal state.  Only China seems to know under what maritime zone the 9-dash line waters fall, but China is not telling the world except to claim “indisputable sovereignty” over such waters by “historical rights.”

中國主張「九段線」內的水域都是她的，完全不符〈聯合國海洋法公約〉沿岸國可主張之內水、領海、專屬經濟海域、大陸棚等規定。似乎只有中國自己知道符合哪項規定，但她不肯說，就只是不斷跳針：因「歷史權利」而「擁有無可置疑的主權」。

Not a single country in the world recognizes, respects, tolerates or acquiesces in to China’s 9-dash line claim.  China has never effectively enforced its 9-dash line claim from 1947 to 1994 when UNCLOS took effect, and even after 1994 up to the present.  Thus, under the general principles and rules of international law, China cannot claim “historical rights” that pre-dated UNCLOS.  Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that China has such “historical rights,” the entry into force of UNCLOS in 1994 extinguished such rights.  Under UNCLOS, a state cannot claim any “historical right” to the EEZ or ECS of another state.

沒有任何國家承認中國的「九段線」主張。在1947到1994年〈聯合國海洋法公約〉期間，中國從未有效管轄，即便從1994年到今天亦然。基於國際法普遍原則與規則，中國不得主張先於〈聯合國海洋法公約〉的「歷史權利」。即便推論假設中國擁有此「歷史權利」，當1994年〈聯合國海洋法公約〉生效，中國也喪失此「權利」。基於〈聯合國海洋法公約〉，沿岸國不得對他國專屬經濟海域、大陸棚等主張「歷史權利」。

There is nothing “historical” or “right” about China’s 9-dash line claim.  The 9-dash line claim is based not on historical facts but on historical lies.  Since the start of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD until the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, a period of 952 years or almost a millennium, the southernmost territory of China has always been Hainan Island based on all official and unofficial maps of China.  After the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, the Constitutions adopted by China from 1912 to 1946 consistently declared that the territory of the Republic of China remained the same as the territory of the Qing Empire.  As late as 1932, the Chinese Government in a Note Verbale to France reiterated to the world that the southernmost territory of China is Hainan Island.  These unilateral declarations of China are binding on China under international law.  The southernmost territory of China under its imperial dynasties was always Hainan Island, and has remained so under several Constitutions of the Republic of China. 

中國「九段線」的主張，既無歷史也非權利。「九段線」的基礎是歷史謊言。從宋初的 960年到清末的1912年，在這幾乎千年的952年中，無論就官方或民間地圖看，中國的國境之南總是海南島而已。中華民國建立後到1946年，總是宣稱其領土與大清帝國相同。至少在1932年，中國政府提交「口頭照會」 (Note Verbale) 給法國重申中國的國境之南是海南島。中國這些單方面的宣告，在國際法上對中國有拘束力。中國歷代與中華民國憲法一致宣稱其國境之南是海南島。

Neither the Spratlys nor Scarborough Shoal appeared in any Chinese dynasty maps, as obviously the Spratlys and Scarborough are several hundred miles farther south to Hainan Island.  In fact, the Spratlys are more than 600 NM, and Scarborough Shoal is more than 500 NM, from Hainan Island, at the other end of the South China Sea.  The Chinese claim today that Scarborough Shoal is the Nanhai island where Guo Shoujing erected a celestial observatory is a double lie because China already officially declared in 1982 that Nanhai is in the Paracels, and it was physically impossible for Guo Shoujing to have erected an observatory in Scarborough Shoal.

在中國歷代地圖中，無論南沙或「斯卡伯勒淺灘」都距離海南島數百海里之遙。實際上，南沙距離海南島600海里而「斯卡伯勒淺灘」則是500海里，他們都各位於南海的一端。中國主張說元代郭守敬所登上的「南海」就是「斯卡伯勒淺灘」，還說郭在上面設了天文觀測台，這簡直是彌天大謊言。中國在1982年承認了「南海」在西沙群島，況且「斯卡伯勒淺灘」的環境根本不可能讓郭守敬在上面建立天文台。

Numerous ancient maps made by Westerners, and later by Philippine authorities, from 1636 to 1940, consistently showed that Scarborough Shoal, a.k.a. Panacot and Bajo de Masinloc, has always been part of Philippine territory.

許多從1636年到1940年由西洋人或稍後由菲律賓人所繪製的古地圖，一致性的顯示「斯卡伯勒淺灘」 (即Masinloc 的 Panacot 與 Bajo) 是菲律賓領土的一部份。

Scarborough Shoal has never appeared in a single ancient Chinese map throughout the long history of China.  Neither is there any historical record of any Chinese expedition to Scarborough Shoal.  In contrast, the Spaniards and the Americans extensively surveyed Scarborough Shoal during the time they were the colonial powers in the Philippines.

「斯卡伯勒淺灘」從未出現在任何中國古地圖中。也無任何中國人到「斯卡伯勒淺灘」探險的歷史紀錄。反而，西班牙人與美國人都曾在殖民菲律賓的時期廣泛勘察過「斯卡伯勒淺灘」。

In sum, China’s so-called “historical facts” to justify its 9-dash lines are glaringly inconsistent with actual historical facts, based on China’s own historical maps, Constitutions, and official pronouncements.  China has no historical link whatsoever to Scarborough Shoal.  The rocks of Scarborough Shoal were never bequeathed to the present generation of Chinese by their ancestors because their ancestors never owned those rocks in the first place.

總之，中國以所謂的「歷史權利」來主張「九段線」，其實違背歷史事實、中國古地圖、憲法與官方聲明。中國對「斯卡伯勒淺灘」根本無歷史淵源。「斯卡伯勒淺灘」的礁岩根本從未由祖先手中交給現今中國人，原因是其祖先從未擁有這些礁岩。

- See more at: http://www.malaya.com.ph/business-news/opinion/historical-facts-historical-lies-and-historical-rights-west-philippines-sea#sthash.CdjpPk6l.dpuf