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2014-03-25

日本交出鈽,美國收廢料鈾,技術共同研究


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為此,美國承諾要收日本研究爐產生的低濃縮核廢料。還要共同進行先進的核子科技與設備的研究。這是交換。

共同聲明說如此:By committing to remove and dispose all HEU and separated plutonium from the FCA, Japan and the United States reaffirm our belief that the most cutting edge sciences do not necessarily require the use of the most proliferation sensitive materials.  In this context, our two countries plan to work together to design new enhancements to the FCA, expanding the facility’s scope to include important research on the transmutation and disposition of nuclear waste.  Additionally, to ensure that Japan can safely and securely further its important work on nuclear research and medical isotope production, the United States will continue to accept research reactor spent fuel from several Japanese facilities that utilize LEU.
有趣的是,《明報》照片是美日高層鄙視對方,日本的照片是兩人湊首相歡。

日繳核武原料 助歐巴馬核安峰會立威 仍擁40噸鈽未釋疑○鉅亨網(2014.03.25http://news.cnyes.com/Content/20140325/KIUAN04K7AZFK.shtml?c=detail
第三屆核安全峰會周一 (24) 起在荷蘭海牙舉行。會前日本首相安倍晉三及美國總統歐巴馬發表聯合聲明,宣布日本向美國交出一批高濃縮鈾及鈽元素 (Plutonium),準備銷毀。美國及日本官員透露,日本交出逾300公斤武器級鈽元素及估計達205公斤高濃縮鈾。美國傳媒形容,這是歐巴馬推動核安全的最大勝利。不過,日本交出的核原料只屬整體存量的小部分,現時擁有40噸鈽元素,惹起外界質疑

香港《明報》報導,由白宮公布的聯合聲明稱,日本交出的數百公斤核原料現存於日本原子能研究開發機構設於茨城縣東海村的快中子臨界實驗裝置內 (FCA),運抵美國後將被送到保安嚴密的核設施中,轉化為較不活躍的狀態鈽元素則會準備作「最後處置」。聲明指出,今次行動旨在進一步推動減少全球高濃縮鈾及鈽元素存量的共同目標,以助減少未獲授權者、罪犯或恐怖分子取得核原料的機會。

日本今次交出的核原料原被用作核燃料研究,其中鈾元素購自英國鈽元素則為美國及英國於冷戰時期借出。《紐約時報》指出,歐巴馬上台後致力推核安全政策,期望實現零核武願景,消除核原料及保障核原料安全被視為第一步。惟美俄關係惡化,使這兩個擁核大國合作減少核武的構想觸礁,與此同時,朝鮮重啟核計劃,印度及巴基斯坦亦開始發展核武,令停止生產核原的目標受阻之際,日本同意交出核原料,具實際政治意義,不但成為歐巴馬近5年來推動核安全政策以來的最大成就,亦可能成為其任內遺產。

美國國家安全委員會總統特別助理舍伍德-蘭達爾 (Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall) 指出,日本同意交出核原料,是歐巴馬推動核安全政策以來與會國家作出的最大承諾,反映日本在防止核武擴散問題上的共同領導地位。不過,美日兩國此前長年對雙方的核研究合作秘而不宣,日本傳媒報導,華府過往要求日本歸還核材料時,日本藉辭推搪,直至早前才因顧慮一味拒絕可能影響到日美關係,於是決定歸還。安倍上台以來積極強化日本軍事力量,共同社曾引首相官邸消息人士稱,歸還核原料目的還在於「消除國際社會對日本有意擴大軍備的擔憂」。

今次核安全峰會以「加強核安全、防範恐怖主義」為題,來自53個國家及4個國際組織的代表出席,集中討論核原料及核設施的安全問題。中國國家主席習近平首度參與,並提出中國的「核安全觀」,被視為中國在國際核安全問題上的重要外交行動。

中國及伊朗過往一直抨擊美國在核問題上雙重標準,容許日本擁有大量可製核武的核原料。隨著日本新建的核燃料處理廠今年啟用,恐造成連鎖效應,對全球核安全構成負面影響。

日本斥資210億美元於青森縣六所村興建核燃料處理廠,將於今年秋季啟用,估計每年可從廢棄核燃料中提煉出多達8噸鈽元素,用於生產核電。日本外務省官員透露,日方將在今次核峰會上,討論處理廠的運作,並重申不會生產超出需求的鈽。國際原子能機構 (IAEA) 亦指出,日本核原料全用於和平用途,無證據顯示有軍事用途。

不過日本開廠勢掀起連鎖效應。由於處理廠生產的鈽經轉化後足以生產數以百計核彈,即使國際原子能機構將派員密切監察處理廠運作,但由於產能太高,調查員恐難以保證核原料全數受監察。而日本右翼政客聲言日本技術足以將核原料製成核武,成為震懾力量,已引起中國警惕。

中國外交部發言人今年初在一次例行記者會上,曾就日本核原料儲備超過正常需要,「七問」日本政府,中國駐維也納代表團大使亦在國際原子能機構理事會上,再度要求日方解釋儲存武器級核原料問題,但日本未予理會。中方表明將在今次核峰會上,再次提出對日本核原料安全的關注,要求日本明確解釋,並以實際行動釋除疑慮。

白宮科技政策局前助理總監費特 (Steve Fetter) 指出,日本製造核武的能力引起鄰國不信任,加上領土糾紛加劇,中國難免認為日本別有用心。另一方面,國際嘗試阻止伊朗儲存可製核武的核原料,但容許日本及韓國等盟友興建核燃料處理設施,或阻礙核談判進展。

(Plutonium) 是一種具放射性的金屬,擁有20種同位素,主要以人工合成製造,其中-239可用於生產核武及用作核燃料。含有超過93% -239的屬武器級別,只需約8公斤便足以製作核彈。

同為放射性金屬的鈾 (Uranium) 主要有3種同位素,最常見的是-235,濃度約2%5%的鈾-235為低濃縮鈾,可用以發電,濃度高於80%的為高濃縮鈾,而濃度高於90%的屬武器級高濃縮鈾,不過濃度超過20%的濃縮鈾已可用以製作小型核彈

Joint Statement by the Leaders of Japan and the United States on Contributions to Global Minimization of Nuclear MaterialWhite House (2014.03.24)
Recalling the history of Japan-U.S. bilateral collaboration on advanced nuclear activities as well as the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) conclusion that all nuclear materials in Japan stay in peaceful activities;
Recalling Japan-U.S. cooperation including through the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) which strengthened nuclear security worldwide by reducing sensitive nuclear material in Japan and other countries and securely transporting the material to the United States; and,
Recalling President Obama’s remarks at Hradcany Square, Prague, Czech Republic on April 5, 2009;
Japan and the United States reaffirm our determination to strengthen nuclear security and to further cooperate, through activities such as our bilateral Nuclear Security Working Group and the GTRI, toward our mutual goal of preventing nuclear terrorism.
Today in The Hague, the Netherlands, on the occasion of the third Nuclear Security Summit, Prime Minister Abe and President Obama pledged to remove and dispose all highly-enriched uranium (HEU) and separated plutonium from the Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) in Japan.  This effort involves the elimination of hundreds of kilograms of nuclear material, furthering our mutual goal of minimizing stocks of HEU and separated plutonium worldwide, which will help prevent unauthorized actors, criminals, or terrorists from acquiring such materials.  This material, once securely transported to the United States, will be sent to a secure facility and fully converted into less sensitive forms.  The plutonium will be prepared for final disposition.  The HEU will be downblended to low enriched uranium (LEU) and utilized for civilian purposes. 
By committing to remove and dispose all HEU and separated plutonium from the FCA, Japan and the United States reaffirm our belief that the most cutting edge sciences do not necessarily require the use of the most proliferation sensitive materials.  In this context, our two countries plan to work together to design new enhancements to the FCA, expanding the facility’s scope to include important research on the transmutation and disposition of nuclear waste.  Additionally, to ensure that Japan can safely and securely further its important work on nuclear research and medical isotope production, the United States will continue to accept research reactor spent fuel from several Japanese facilities that utilize LEU.
This pledge complements the significant role that both Japan and the United States are playing in finding new ways to continue improving global nuclear security.  Many of the remaining gains that the international community can make in this area will require difficult decisions, and Japan has demonstrated its leadership by resolving to remove all special nuclear material from the FCA, consistent with all Summit Communiqués’ spirit to minimize stocks of nuclear material.  Our two countries encourage others to consider what they can do to further HEU and plutonium minimization.



1 則留言:

  1. 個人認為不同文化,其技術的發展會不同,看來歐是非常恐懼安倍,準備再次拔日本的核子牙。(第一次是19450815後)

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